From the TV series

 From the TV series its economic development there is an increasingly audible voice of Chinese cultural nationalism. More and more educators and intellectuals are calling for the revival of Chinese traditional culture values. However, the very issues of who are the Chinese and what are traditional Chinese cultural values present a huge dilemma. The debates on a recent a TV program fought for the Machus take over Taiwan from a Chinese ruler. The debates show that the dilemma has its cause in at least three issues. First, it is not at all obvious who should be categorized as Chinese. Secondly, it is not at all obvious what Chinese cultural values are. And finally it is the issue of evaluation of traditional values against the universal claim of the values of liberal democracy.
Introduction of the Chinese people a sense of national crisis and Japan in the Western imperialism and colonialism artillery bombardment of the Chinese down the front door, back door and side door only after burst out. Before this, China does not have a nation-state concept. mm should be said that the Chinese people have the knowledge of Confucianism mm Chinese people have a concept and the world The concept of a Chinese culture. In both concept, where the houses are not all Chinese Cultural Yi .2 Although this cultural circle of royal rule was often violated in northern nomadic tribe, . Because of this, the Mongol Yuan dynasty and the Manchu Qing Dynasty ruled all of China and Chinese history, the history. Because of this, the boundaries of the entity in China sometimes large and sometimes small. the same reason, for a long time, Taiwan is It does not matter does not belong to China. ceded to Japan in the future there was not as big a deal. This history has given us what is left of a nation-state problem. The problem is the revival of cultural nationalism of the first reason. This culture historical path of the Chinese literati to determine the cultural value of the advanced and backward, modernity and tradition, civilization and non-civilization. our neighbors in Japan is different. they do not have a democratic tradition, no cultural value of individualism and freedom. 3, but they The pain has not curse three generations of ancestors. They had to borrow the Chinese culture, the latter borrowed from the Western culture, and to borrow things into their own traditions, proud of it. China, Sun Yat-sen's anti-nationalist full recovery from the May Fourth Movement Down with Confucianism, from Westernization to Lu Xun Hu Shi with Chinese ritual condemnation of the system into a man-eating, 4 not in a culture of right and wrong. The modern China after the Cultural Revolution, Zhao farewell support the revolution and * 5 is also the account in the calculation culture.
the Chinese revolution, said to be the cause of enlightenment salvation is nothing more than overwhelming, said the failure of the Chinese revolution is inevitable, because the Chinese culture, the Enlightenment is not enough. For example, May Fourth period, one of the biggest mistake was not to move in Christianity. So he wanted to rescue Christianity in China, br> Many people are not aware of this contradiction in nationalist discourse of truth: the rise of the Chinese nation to the Chinese people should be thoroughly criticized and abandoned Chinese culture!
aware of this paradox is not the reason why is because Chinese people believe that these advanced Western cultural values are universal, timeless and ultra-national boundaries. Although the post-modernism and post-colonial ideas and methods of Chinese culture nihilism was no small effort to counter 9, although China also has the phenomenon of Occidentalism, 10 Western cultural values are universal, timeless and ultra-border intellectual trend in China is now the dominant. The difference is that many people who hold this view no longer call themselves Chinese nationalists. The West's material wealth and a strong democracy and freedom in the order of orderly civil life to make this truth clear and unassailable truth. to Western culture as a standard to judge the Chinese culture as anti-modern civilization and anti-modern. This is inevitable revival of the Chinese Cultural Nationalism second reason for trouble.
Western cultural values as universal, eternal truth that is transnational and material wealth is cited, the East Asian countries and the rise in China's national economy to the Chinese culture According to a revival of nationalism and the evidence. it is not surprising that the nineties of the twentieth century, nationalism has re-raise the clarion call of traditional Chinese culture. It had studied from Guo Yingjie The Phenomenon can be seen. 11 in particular, China needs a revolution in the farewell of national identity and national identity. Since then, the rehabilitation and revival of Confucianism on a wave after wave. such as Wang Meng, and so to participate in a sponsored Jiang Qing is already reading the man of the. If Zeng highly praised for re-evaluation is a sign of China's Han centered further from the multi-ethnic sense of the modern transformation of China, then, 12 now online on the that the controversy is not easy to change things. not easy because, despite the modern nation-state consciousness can Manchus, Mongolians and Tibetans, Uighurs and even to include the name is Chinese, but what is included in the circle of Chinese culture is a complex man problem. This is the revival of the plight of Chinese Cultural Nationalism third main reason. This is to to the
Shi Lang, Zheng Chenggong, Taiwan and the television series Shi Lang's full of people faced with the invasion, the Ming demise of moral dilemma on the ground: either surrender to the enemy invasion, or is death on the battlefield, or even destroy the whole family. In fact many people have no choice and opportunities. Shi Lang had two times surrendered to the Qing, the first in 1646, along with Zheng Zhilong Shi Lang (father of Zheng Chenggong) and tert-Shi Fu surrendering. surrender after the Department into Licheng Dong Qing Li Shi's nephew to many exploits. After the Shi Lang Zheng seek refuge in their hometowns for some reason, then because of Shi Fu Shi Zheng's brother's sake put into force. Zheng Shi Lang was a falling out with the then military power Zheng Shi Lang away. until finally the arrest of his son's three facilities, and Shi Lang to kill the father and brother. In men escaped with the help of a second down after the Qing Shi Lang. Zheng Shi Lang to kill the father of brother out of personal matters, or for anti-controversial issue. The key thing is that Zheng and Shi Lang is determined to attack Taiwan because of the position in Chinese history. In the Dutch occupied Taiwan after 1626, also boarded the Spanish island of Taiwan, occupying the north. Netherlands eventually get rid of the Spaniards, for the control of the whole of Taiwan. After the Ming Dynasty, Zheng began in 1661 under the occupation of the Netherlands crossed the sea to attack Taiwan. Netherlands Army was defeated the following year. Koxinga then retreated to the Dutch 38-year-long occupation of Taiwan. Zheng Chenggong died, the eldest brother of Zheng Chenggong Zheng happened with the struggle for power struggle. Qing Zheng Jing took the opportunity to pacify, but Zheng Jingjian holding separatist .1663, the Qing Shi Lang was appointed coach in 1664 and 1665, two against Taiwan are numerous retreat. Across the Taiwan Strait began a dozen years of negotiations by the Qing government .1683 Zheng death by disease, internal divisions within Taiwan, once again sent troops to attack Taiwan. ZHENG defeated . then on August 13, Qing Shi Lang rate available in Taiwan. So a 20-years of Taiwan's Separatist over, Taiwan and the mainland to achieve a uniform.
initiatives planned by the Chen, Fujian, according to Yan Tingrui studios Television The decision-makers want to cheer on resolving the Taiwan issue will power and determination. 13 Chen also admitted planning factors, there are many things you can l r mapping. For example, the Qing government gradually recognized by the foreign tradition, * Lee Teng-degenerate by the KMT to Taiwan independence; to resolve the Taiwan issue, Emperor Han Chinese began to use as military real talented staff . 14 television series Shi Lang's personal character. a view that the two soldiers who surrender to the invasion is full of very bad character, a traitor. how can a heroic image in the TV screen? while another view is that the Shi Lang and Cheng The scores are mainly the result of power struggle, when Zheng Shi Lang a kill, so instead seek refuge Qing Shi Lang, eventually leading the fight back to the Qing Taiwan. Shi Lang after the recovery of Taiwan, Cheng did not hurt future generations, even before the reign of Emperor Kangxi Cheng suggested good use, including the posting came from piracy, has extensive experience in maritime operations in the maritime passage for the Cheng family court services. can be said to be against the Shi Lang's personality is not the place. 15 of a point of view, Shi Lang is not loyal to their country. Shi Wang Fu-chih with time (1619--1692), Gu (1613-1682), xi (1610 ~ 1695) is the same generation. If you lay the Taiwan Qing Shi Lang to help prove that he is a Qing Fuming, or vow not associating with the three imperial Confucianism, how will you evaluate this? Another view is that surrendered to the Qing Shi Lang is not the first initiative is to follow the Ming general Zheng Zhilong, and Zheng Shi Lang subsequently raised an army to follow the anti- . According to the traditional orthodox view of infidelity is really Zheng Chenggong. Zheng Ming Dynasty, the royal family can not stand lying, but himself as king, is the greatest infidelity. The second basic argument is to be regarded as China's Qing Dynasty? If counted from the start? one view. Qing regime slowly come to accept the Han culture, the use of Han officials, the establishment of Chinese culture school, returned to obtain the System Division, the Manchu Eight Banners were read classics such as children, these measures to the Qing Dynasty made its rule legitimacy. Kangxi Chikamasa particular, the legitimacy of the Manchu regime, efforts to experience a longer time from entry to the later Shi Lang platform, this process has basically run its course. It can be said during the Shi Lang platform Manchu, through their own political, economic, and cultural policy efforts, it has gradually gained recognition when scholar and has made China the status of orthodoxy.
this view, at least one entry can be seen as barbaric early the invasion and conquest of the nation, their heroic resistance to the move. but lay people the world over, the rapidly finished, accept the thinking of traditional Chinese culture, and Manchu has become a member of the Chinese family. Kangxiwangzhao implemented policies in line with the overall interests of the Chinese nation and safeguarding the interests of the Chinese nation. Obviously, people who hold this view there is no implicit premise is that China is a Chinese national for the orthodox, or it is not China. what is it that China ? Chen while claiming to be a Confucian, but he also used the concept of post-colonialism as Shi Lang and the The Chinese are A basic fact, strains of the culture of Yi and Huaxia executive centralism, ethnic and cultural differences will be enlarged prominent enemies will be quick and loved ones pain. If anything politically incorrect l r, should be the foreign Differences in the center of the Han , conqueror of the effectiveness of the occupation; second, the conquered people of their identity or the degree of traditional values. This is the ? how to explain it, differential structure ; years, Confucianism seems to hit a second invasion, the Chinese how to do? Chen countered that, if Taiwan is not a patriotic act Shi Lang system, not to achieve national unity and territorial integrity of the move, this not recognize secession is legal? Qing rule at a time when China is China . Manchu is the butcher and the initial aggressor, and later merge into a ruler. In other words, Manqingruguan until fully integrated part of five sen and a historical event should be understood as a space-time coordinates in the gradual change Chen advocated the process of .19
Shi, Cheng Siyuan two of the mainland, the Taiwan Relations separated, the facilities of private morality and to distinguish the cause of recovering Taiwan, the representative of the Emperor as a national conflict with the Manchu separate so sure was then applied in the territory of the national unity and integrity of the enormous contribution made. He does not deny that he is the current reality from the interests of the Chinese view of history. He made it clear that the Shi Lang is not a scum of the nation, traitors, and traitors, but active in China's national hero and the whole Chinese nation.
another diametrically opposed to the view that lowering Kou Shi Lang defected to help eliminate the Qing Ming, is the scum of the Han nationality, even if active in the national unity, but also the second, and can not be changed He helped the barbaric nature of Manchu civilization slavery. and then all the way after the massacre linked Manqingruguan heinous crimes, then the crime has been applied not only traitors, misconduct, it is a national of the sinner, unworthy of the Spirit as the nation's * Yue Mu, Wen less security and other martyrs. In this debate, Jiang Qing Confucian quite a reputation in many people's request, made the following statement to tell users:
letter, I did not see drama, to comment. Thou shalt have to stand me, in my limited understanding of the Shi Lang, Ming Er Chen Shi Lang is not the hero. On the situation at that time, Xia Qing Ming is a Yi, Qing Ming is China which is outside Zhengshuo inverse, it is surrendered to the Qing Shi Lang was abandoned in the summer and return the cultural barbarians, in the politically Ming Zhengtong the Panchen, and Zheng Shi Lang scores can not become an excuse for surrendering. Shi Lang large section of both the loss, body celebrity split, regardless of surrendering What achievements after the literati were section has been bad, I Shijie lack of. Confucianism is not the success of Heroes, if the Shi Lang was a hero, such as Ji-Shan one of their teachers and friends suicides martyred that? Master does not and return good for evil, and its management is working with the the same. As Shi Lang's reunification of Taiwan, and the real with the text as it is not benevolence. Although, how can they wash lends it Erchen stigma yeah! Jiang Qing Replying. 20
Although Jiang Qing said, overall interests and long-term value of the interests and requirements of Chinese culture to consider the issue should not be a narrow-minded racist, this is the different. Jiang Qing not agree with past serve the present approach to the construction of history. legitimate his waist income hypocrite. So from the perspective of liberal criticism of Jiang Qing of the Ming is obviously not enough. Jiang Qing advocates of Beyond nationalism politics. But Jiang Qing how to avoid the topic of nationalism? the other did not say, foreign Differences own cultural nationalist tendencies is clearly beyond doubt. to say the least, if the ideas and Jiang Qing Gongyang accepted by the Qian Mu, scholars visit the United States had not issued a in the cultural, spiritual completely contrary to the Confucian tradition, since the idea of .22
use to construct the modern Western concept of nationalism, it can not be the center of the Han Chinese. So in 1999, Zhu Jianguo its Like Confucius, said to be is not the knees? In fact, the Han Chinese nationalism as the center of Zeng in the nineties when the heat of the debate has been challenged .23 because the ; both Han Chinese and Manchu Chinese people Shi Lang to force reunification with Taiwan as the existing policies in the history of national unity to defend not only foolish, but also to promote injustice. because any one of the first modern state whose existence is based on the legitimacy of its rule. And this is not self-evident is the legitimacy of democracy and freedom. liberals want is freedom, not countries. They Ming Neo-Confucian criticism of the latter is not so much as a modern nation-state for the China (mainland regime as the legal rights to the principal) gives the reunification of the country Justification, in particular, failed to reunify the country by force, acts of Justification is given, as it is the latter acknowledged the existence of the nation-state, even won the legitimacy of the state itself. In their view, the state that legal rights and existence of the principal is not necessary, or even national political freedom did not exist, the State is only a fiction of false external perspective, China's problem is only an internal perspective, is to go national (ist). Therefore, the Ming Neo-Confucianism resort to the theory of the modern nation-state changes in no way, even the legitimacy of nation states to solve the problem. in accordance with the autumn's wishful thinking, Chen is best to return to traditionalism, and in accordance with common law constitutionalism in China to open a modern Confucian liberalism to. For the autumn of fear (authoritarian) state efforts, I understand, the common law for his ideas, I also support, in theory, but I think his theory is unrealistic, is one-sided fully demonstrated the common liberal infantilism. 25
Chen and Jiang Qing, from the point of view, within Neo-Confucianism on what traitor, hero of the question, what Xiayi Debate, dynastic legitimacy problem, what Lide meritorious, Wen WU Wei's attack on such issues had split. Chen past serve the present and the Confucian ideas and views in the Commonwealth of the Han Nationality, cultural conservatism parted ways. autumn and other liberal intervention are used to judge the scope of freedom and democracy Confucian nationalism. Construction of the farewell discourse revolution played an important role in the hou also involved in controversy. Lee believes that Shi Lang is not worthy of praise. He said, This should not be in doubt, Sangui, Hongcheng Chou, Shi Lang is not a national hero. There can not be right and wrong is unknown brother for the nation. Lee believes that there is no talk about democracy and nationalism is a dangerous view of Lee is .27 puzzling: objected to the same time how could nationalism claimed success of these people as a national hero the plight of at least three reasons. The first reason comes from what is the problem of Chinese culture. First there is a problem of who is Chinese. If we agree that under the definition of the modern nation-state to discuss, identify all of the territory of the People's Republic of citizens are Chinese, then Chinese culture should include? is the text of the contents of the classics? Yes benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, faith, loyalty, filial piety, it? is the fate of it? is moral by you ? If so, then the other so-called minority culture is not the Chinese culture. Buddhism is not a part of Chinese culture? Muslim culture be considered part of Chinese culture? count, then the Chinese renaissance is the revival of cultural nationalism what? not count, then how can call into the Han Chinese cultural renaissance is the revival of cultural nationalism in China do? Chen and Jiang Qing, the key differences between the two so-called Confucian here. Jiang Qing, the Han nationality is clearly concerned about cultural issues. and Chen will have to concerned about the problem of the modern nation-state. This makes him run into trouble. a lot of online criticism of Chen's remarks are from the Han Chinese culture as the starting point. the plight of Chinese cultural nationalism and the second reason is related to the first, recognition of the problems that the nation-state. We know that the nation-state (nation state) is the modern political concepts and political practice. Therefore, while it can be said without the nation-state paradigm as a judge of the standards of conduct before the war, at least one entry can not be is truly the invasion of a sovereign state, so resistance can not be said to be truly patriotic, people who surrender can not be said truly traitorous. the other hand, countries with no country can say that not only problem definition and international law, but also a practical issue of human coexistence. Any neighborhood has a community of interests. to defend the interests of the neighborhood groups should be sold and the neighborhood than the behavior of interest groups more worthy of appreciation. If the value of contrast, be encouraged, any neighborhood one can live and work. Moreover, the implementation of an intruder in the brutal invasion from any moral principles and political, by definition, are reprehensible. why Chen would say, full of people into the Off the beginning of the resistance is a hero, but when the invaders became the orthodox ruler of China, in order to service the regime it should be, and full acceptance of Han Chinese culture to the Han Chinese cultural values to rule. This is the Han culture, the orthodox orthodox , reunification with Taiwan but also for the Han Chinese Orthodox services. But orthodoxy is not the same justice. or occupation of any ability to stay strong as long as there is a legitimate. In fact, human history is basically true. so strong as the Chinese have Wang losers for the thief to say. but as human beings, we always try to find and the pursuit of justice or legal paradigm to regulate human behavior, or just like animals do not have differences. This is actually the law of the jungle and the pursuit of justice theory recognition of the nation-state is the source of difficult. revival of Chinese culture and nationalism, the plight of third reason from the mm can not judge right and wrong and justice as the standard. According to the tradition of the May Fourth Movement, liberals put it bluntly, the Han culture is backward, and even anti-human nature, and only of western cultural values of democracy and freedom can bring about happiness and prosperity. From this universal, eternal and ultra-border standard, there is nothing to Han Chinese culture renaissance? the same reasoning, a non-democratic non-free a continent of democracy and freedom to attack the island of Taiwan is not justice. to Du Weiming new overseas representatives from the Confucian classic Confucian effort to find freedom and positive elements of human nature, but neither of these efforts to communicate with the mainland reached a common Neo-Confucian failed to convince the Chinese liberals. When a new continent called from the traditional value of Confucianism Find spiritual support, the liberals think that this is not only regressive but also ridiculous. and the mainland New Confucian belief, liberals believe that the current presence in China's social and mental problems is not just the result of democracy and freedom, not Chinese people lost a good tradition, but lost the Chinese people was not enough. It seems that only in the Western liberal democracy and market economy mode of development and modernization of complete bankruptcy (if the words of the day), and China to the modern human development of a new mode (if possible), revival of cultural nationalism Han Chinese to get out of difficulties.
Note:
1 Who are the Chinese are complex issues to be discussed, see high Mobo, lChinese What Chinese : The Politics of Authenticity and Ethnic Identityr, in Lee Guan Kin, ed., National Boundaries and Cultural Configurations, Centre for Chinese Language and Culture and Global Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd, 2006.
2 which had no discrimination Yi mean. See Ng: 2490
3 Mobo Gao, lDemocracy, What Democracy? China's Road to Modernisationr, China Report (New Delhi), Vol. 28, No. 1 (Jan.-March) 1992, pp. 13-26.
4 See Lu Xun, 5th Edition.
6 Pei Jian Huang: persons. on contemporary nationalism see the government Guo Yingjie, The politics of national identity in post-Tiananmen China: cultural nationalism v. state nationalism, University of Tasmania, PhD thesis, 2001. Here Guo makes a crucial difference between cultural nationalism and political nationalism in China. about four different Chinese nationalism see Townsend, James,