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Friday, June 24, 2011
Monday, May 30, 2011
Health
today not seen in years, a ten invited us to dinner, eat in his company inadvertently chatting about his father, a friend has cancer, the doctor said go home and die, and someone gave to a recipe, the family is: dead horse only when live horse medicine, try to eat something of this prescription, did not expect to eat a few posted there will be a pick up to eat then, now is the review also found no disease symptoms of a! So this friend brought this recipe to eat their own relatives, have recently been turning around! Moment with him to this prescription, because eleven years ago my father was tortured to death by cancer, I think of that time if there is this prescription, then, maybe the father can live up to now, only experienced the pain pro-fault people will understand that the taste! Whether this prescription really useful, I put it into my space, if you can see which friends turn down, maybe someday help to the people! Internet search search these herbs are really anti-cancer drugs, usually nothing you can eat, detoxification effect. Prescription: jujube big eight, ten small (a total of eighteen)
Tieshu
barbata leaf or two
diffusa twenty-two
Directions: Four flavor drugs can be fried twice as a first bowl of boiled water for two hours about fifteen, the second about ten bowls of water to cook for two hours, then poured from the day and night when Yao Tang tea service
Description:
a variety of cancer indications drug. According to the results of regimens have been cured of cancer, liver cancer, uterine cancer, gastric cancer, in addition to breast cancer, results almost, other cancers have a good effect, especially colon cancer, only served from four to six hours to abnormal results.
two fried usually once a month taking the drug potency of organs due to the thermal factors and health hemorrhoids, hot cough embolism, after serving there and can really effect the complete cure
Three Note Note: barbata, cool non-toxic, herbal medicine, sewage, after serving undrinkable water, fear of diluting its efficacy, if the cancer three flowers (that is, the surface can see rotten), you can just mash the growth of whichever sauce of fresh herbs will slag Fuyu affected area, burning when its juice drink with hot water, the drug of all ages, taking three to four months, before being completely full more, after taking a Nongxue discharge urine, which reflects the poison, cleared basis, are exempt alarmed.
Tieshu
barbata leaf or two
diffusa twenty-two
Directions: Four flavor drugs can be fried twice as a first bowl of boiled water for two hours about fifteen, the second about ten bowls of water to cook for two hours, then poured from the day and night when Yao Tang tea service
Description:
a variety of cancer indications drug. According to the results of regimens have been cured of cancer, liver cancer, uterine cancer, gastric cancer, in addition to breast cancer, results almost, other cancers have a good effect, especially colon cancer, only served from four to six hours to abnormal results.
two fried usually once a month taking the drug potency of organs due to the thermal factors and health hemorrhoids, hot cough embolism, after serving there and can really effect the complete cure
Three Note Note: barbata, cool non-toxic, herbal medicine, sewage, after serving undrinkable water, fear of diluting its efficacy, if the cancer three flowers (that is, the surface can see rotten), you can just mash the growth of whichever sauce of fresh herbs will slag Fuyu affected area, burning when its juice drink with hot water, the drug of all ages, taking three to four months, before being completely full more, after taking a Nongxue discharge urine, which reflects the poison, cleared basis, are exempt alarmed.
Thursday, May 26, 2011
Sunday, May 22, 2011
Let go and not abandon
Overall first say a word, I always think these things, good or bad the former back , I would think.
want more, also figured a lot of things that we should not because of my signatures Luanxiang QQ , I do not want to live like before , tired , really tired ! Sometimes think before doing many, many things are meaningless , but I too good or is my Here I am writing this article does not directly explain many things , but I hope caring people can understand , not written all the people to see, if you can understand , then any time I let go , remember that you are not discarded or abandoned , But I am tired ... ... From June 17 I swear , I only live for myself , live happily , forgetting the forgotten , the release of the open , do not bother to live me anything , not to Any person who tied me!
people who know me know that I have sent a pledge to never go back on , so you ... ... hope you can understand ~ ~ ~ !
want more, also figured a lot of things that we should not because of my signatures Luanxiang QQ , I do not want to live like before , tired , really tired ! Sometimes think before doing many, many things are meaningless , but I too good or is my Here I am writing this article does not directly explain many things , but I hope caring people can understand , not written all the people to see, if you can understand , then any time I let go , remember that you are not discarded or abandoned , But I am tired ... ... From June 17 I swear , I only live for myself , live happily , forgetting the forgotten , the release of the open , do not bother to live me anything , not to Any person who tied me!
people who know me know that I have sent a pledge to never go back on , so you ... ... hope you can understand ~ ~ ~ !
Thursday, May 19, 2011
Reprinted Wang Xiao Testimonials
-
Wang Xiao reflections Floral session -
business articles -
-
1 or business, whether working, its essence is nothing less than to betray their boss or clients tangible or intangible products. In short: we are all sold out. Since it is sold out, a good friend to sell, second, dedicated, three potential buyers should not complain. Therefore, the first to maintain the beauty, the second to do more with less complaining, and the third to see the money's sake should be the appropriate compromise. -
-
2 does not necessarily have to pay returns, efforts may not be fruitful. Except for knowledge and learning exercise. -
-
3 we are evolved animals, even if the senior has or animal, Darwinism has been applied. Only trained himself to become more agile, stronger animals, can live better. So definitely not a long lazy negative, if the animal world, in the bottom of the pyramid so you still Hao Zhao, is dead. -
-
4 of this age there is no absolute rule is fair competition, and accept that, and then plunge into vigorous arm themselves unfair competition. Comply with laws and the line, is Darwinism. -
-
5 first win of the talk. Enjoy your loot, you can continue cynical heart. Do not abuse the failure of mercy to the competition, because you might be a next time. -
-
6 for a half-day wishes did not materialize, we should blame themselves Xueyibujing, two to blame their own bad luck, and then to act together for a wish. Front investment of time and energy, were all counted as sunk costs. Chu Laihun courage to bear the sunk costs is the first lesson. -
-
emotional chapter -
-
1 love the conditions, is to let themselves from the spiritual to the material, from the soul to the body, because of the status of the other side are better than ever. Otherwise, why bother? -
-
2 man now if you normally do not expect he would be better for you after marriage, he must have been your best moment of the pursuit of and love. If you Shangqie two periods of his dissatisfaction, then you have to give it some thought. -
-
3 may wish to let him spend more time and money for you, usually people into the more difficult it let go. -
-
4 Even if you have him to put a lot of time and money, which also neatly points out the time to leave. The courage to bear the sunk cost of love is the prerequisite to start a new life. -
-
5 if you fancy him money, at the appropriate time to go to this money is yours. Strike while the iron is hot, like to take this love of money! -
-
6 more often than the fact that your intuition is also accurate. -
-
7 had played the final two days, the -
-
8 a sexy body and then, after the commencement of two square meters will read over and over again, loss of interest in each other is a normal pattern. But later lost interest in that person will feel hurt. -
-
9 successful emotional relationship, love is affection will be converted into. Family is the Happy ending. If love is not any form without the family, and that the relationship has failed. Usually people to help with the birth of this transformation complete. -
-
10 mostly elderly people that the reason for, such as married men to find a practical homely, but the truth is only talking about two or three black and blue love you will understand later. Know how to hit a brick wall back to nature, fear of fear has not looked back. -
-
11 men are also human beings, he is not necessarily smarter than you, brave, industrious, and wealthy. If you can not love a man's deity, but in love with him you expect, you will always be disappointed, and he will silence due to excessive pressure and collapse. -
-
12 of a person's worship insufficient to support the trivial daily life. Idols to the altar, leaving the subject of worldview to go to his stool. -
-
13 Since ancient times, there is the White Snake and Green Snake, White Rose and Red Rose, the man Delongwangshu keep track of. Less than some anti-, and the remaining energy to make more money, or skin care. Also retain the position in case of loss of combat power and then grab a piece. -
-
Living in China -
-
1 younger, the more can be applied to In order to do the later years more likely, it may be more pre-trial wrong, may quicken power. -
-
2 innate energy of each is very different, some people Guadan tasteless, some ups and downs, all by myself to the energy scale. This thing can not a priori comparisons of energy, compared with their own to meet the like. The key is to accurately estimate their energy. -
-
3 does not implement the desire for pain, desire to achieve to boring. After only just realized that short period of time is happiness. It must be short-lived happiness, pain and boredom of life is normal. This is our desire to decide. -
-
4 any choices and decisions of others has his own reason, try to understand and non-interference. But if your heart hurt and property, we must interfere. -
-
5 face is given by others. Others will insist on face to those that showed honesty, courage, hard work and beautifully shy person. Not to the above criteria for these elements as to face the people, you do not care about him to not give you face. -
-
What time do not wait until 6 are mature and then start to do one thing, learn to swim in swimming, learn to drive in the car, could cross the river by feeling the stones. Provided that the loser. -
-
7 general, there are two states: the pain of the philosopher and the happy pigs. Pain, try to find out the reason of pain, or become painful pigs. -
-
beauty articles -
-
1 As a woman, your appearance and your character determine your destiny together, this is the cruel reality. -
-
2 where no matter what the DPRK on behalf of the East or West, dignified route is always wrong. Loading the image must also be installed. -
-
Golden 3 Waist circumference is the key to women and graceful, young girls and the aunt of the watershed. To be desperate to keep. -
-
4 learn makeup, packed well and then go out. You will be happy, others will be more to your patient, not do any harm. -
-
5 If you are single, you are advised to keep ready the state, that looks beautiful as always. Hard to say which cloud, rain, and perhaps the corner to Love. -
-
6 When you desire a better body is far greater than your desire for food, you can successfully lose weight. Do not cut down it is because you are not strong enough desire. -
-
post -
-
only solution to teach more on technology, was not the United States, work is not smug, a man is not good, its all in. -
-
Subscribe to the reading room -
-
Wang Xiao reflections Floral session -
business articles -
-
1 or business, whether working, its essence is nothing less than to betray their boss or clients tangible or intangible products. In short: we are all sold out. Since it is sold out, a good friend to sell, second, dedicated, three potential buyers should not complain. Therefore, the first to maintain the beauty, the second to do more with less complaining, and the third to see the money's sake should be the appropriate compromise. -
-
2 does not necessarily have to pay returns, efforts may not be fruitful. Except for knowledge and learning exercise. -
-
3 we are evolved animals, even if the senior has or animal, Darwinism has been applied. Only trained himself to become more agile, stronger animals, can live better. So definitely not a long lazy negative, if the animal world, in the bottom of the pyramid so you still Hao Zhao, is dead. -
-
4 of this age there is no absolute rule is fair competition, and accept that, and then plunge into vigorous arm themselves unfair competition. Comply with laws and the line, is Darwinism. -
-
5 first win of the talk. Enjoy your loot, you can continue cynical heart. Do not abuse the failure of mercy to the competition, because you might be a next time. -
-
6 for a half-day wishes did not materialize, we should blame themselves Xueyibujing, two to blame their own bad luck, and then to act together for a wish. Front investment of time and energy, were all counted as sunk costs. Chu Laihun courage to bear the sunk costs is the first lesson. -
-
emotional chapter -
-
1 love the conditions, is to let themselves from the spiritual to the material, from the soul to the body, because of the status of the other side are better than ever. Otherwise, why bother? -
-
2 man now if you normally do not expect he would be better for you after marriage, he must have been your best moment of the pursuit of and love. If you Shangqie two periods of his dissatisfaction, then you have to give it some thought. -
-
3 may wish to let him spend more time and money for you, usually people into the more difficult it let go. -
-
4 Even if you have him to put a lot of time and money, which also neatly points out the time to leave. The courage to bear the sunk cost of love is the prerequisite to start a new life. -
-
5 if you fancy him money, at the appropriate time to go to this money is yours. Strike while the iron is hot, like to take this love of money! -
-
6 more often than the fact that your intuition is also accurate. -
-
7 had played the final two days, the -
-
8 a sexy body and then, after the commencement of two square meters will read over and over again, loss of interest in each other is a normal pattern. But later lost interest in that person will feel hurt. -
-
9 successful emotional relationship, love is affection will be converted into. Family is the Happy ending. If love is not any form without the family, and that the relationship has failed. Usually people to help with the birth of this transformation complete. -
-
10 mostly elderly people that the reason for, such as married men to find a practical homely, but the truth is only talking about two or three black and blue love you will understand later. Know how to hit a brick wall back to nature, fear of fear has not looked back. -
-
11 men are also human beings, he is not necessarily smarter than you, brave, industrious, and wealthy. If you can not love a man's deity, but in love with him you expect, you will always be disappointed, and he will silence due to excessive pressure and collapse. -
-
12 of a person's worship insufficient to support the trivial daily life. Idols to the altar, leaving the subject of worldview to go to his stool. -
-
13 Since ancient times, there is the White Snake and Green Snake, White Rose and Red Rose, the man Delongwangshu keep track of. Less than some anti-, and the remaining energy to make more money, or skin care. Also retain the position in case of loss of combat power and then grab a piece. -
-
Living in China -
-
1 younger, the more can be applied to In order to do the later years more likely, it may be more pre-trial wrong, may quicken power. -
-
2 innate energy of each is very different, some people Guadan tasteless, some ups and downs, all by myself to the energy scale. This thing can not a priori comparisons of energy, compared with their own to meet the like. The key is to accurately estimate their energy. -
-
3 does not implement the desire for pain, desire to achieve to boring. After only just realized that short period of time is happiness. It must be short-lived happiness, pain and boredom of life is normal. This is our desire to decide. -
-
4 any choices and decisions of others has his own reason, try to understand and non-interference. But if your heart hurt and property, we must interfere. -
-
5 face is given by others. Others will insist on face to those that showed honesty, courage, hard work and beautifully shy person. Not to the above criteria for these elements as to face the people, you do not care about him to not give you face. -
-
What time do not wait until 6 are mature and then start to do one thing, learn to swim in swimming, learn to drive in the car, could cross the river by feeling the stones. Provided that the loser. -
-
7 general, there are two states: the pain of the philosopher and the happy pigs. Pain, try to find out the reason of pain, or become painful pigs. -
-
beauty articles -
-
1 As a woman, your appearance and your character determine your destiny together, this is the cruel reality. -
-
2 where no matter what the DPRK on behalf of the East or West, dignified route is always wrong. Loading the image must also be installed. -
-
Golden 3 Waist circumference is the key to women and graceful, young girls and the aunt of the watershed. To be desperate to keep. -
-
4 learn makeup, packed well and then go out. You will be happy, others will be more to your patient, not do any harm. -
-
5 If you are single, you are advised to keep ready the state, that looks beautiful as always. Hard to say which cloud, rain, and perhaps the corner to Love. -
-
6 When you desire a better body is far greater than your desire for food, you can successfully lose weight. Do not cut down it is because you are not strong enough desire. -
-
post -
-
only solution to teach more on technology, was not the United States, work is not smug, a man is not good, its all in. -
-
Subscribe to the reading room -
-
Wednesday, May 18, 2011
I'm sorry, I believe you
I am a 13 year-old girl at home reading a lot of money .. but in 5th grade, I liked him, and he quiet very quiet, but he was very handsome ..
my old buddies said to me: with him always suffer. But he also promised, very happy when we started going out .. every day we passing notes in the classroom, we have a good student, we do whatever we have to play with after class .. .. but always be I take the initiative, the students say that our love is upside down, but I do not care ..
though his character does not, and I often quarrel, but we will be in soon time to adjust their own, because I like him, one day, I asked him that you like me? says he enjoys, and I said why, because you are concerned about the fourth grade I started to really good you happy .. ..
I helped him to send shoelaces, for his painting, forcing him to wear the winter clothes, all the time, a good happy feeling better concentration ..
concentration But the time will soon fly away, I turned to him several like my boys, but in the end escape isolation, junior high school he and I separated ..
; I love him .. I found my love for him .. I sublimated into a love letter every day he sent a message to him .. I do not know his character I have never received a reply .. I bought a lot of gifts given to him for him ..
Later, I learned that he was using me ...
sad .. sad
but I do not believe me .. .. I do not believe he ran to the school stepped Xuefei , people to pull him out, asked him: believe me? forget, if you do not agree to so that it ..!br> I have a week off at home and quiet back to school I did not laugh out ..
past, but I have to step in when such schools did not. . .. Some people call me a buddy pick up the phone I asked her, side of the road readily stopped a taxi to the hospital he was bound for City 2 .. No matter how those who came to the hospital call Miss .. .. I stumbled to ask a nurse .. I saw them all standing outside the operating room .. I ran out .. Why .. why the collapse? his buddies came over and said: .
operating room lights off .. I got up went to his side, said: You wake up we go, we go to school ... you do not die. their son .. I do not care I waited at his side,,, but .. the next morning he left I said a word ..
I remember he said:
my old buddies said to me: with him always suffer. But he also promised, very happy when we started going out .. every day we passing notes in the classroom, we have a good student, we do whatever we have to play with after class .. .. but always be I take the initiative, the students say that our love is upside down, but I do not care ..
though his character does not, and I often quarrel, but we will be in soon time to adjust their own, because I like him, one day, I asked him that you like me? says he enjoys, and I said why, because you are concerned about the fourth grade I started to really good you happy .. ..
I helped him to send shoelaces, for his painting, forcing him to wear the winter clothes, all the time, a good happy feeling better concentration ..
concentration But the time will soon fly away, I turned to him several like my boys, but in the end escape isolation, junior high school he and I separated ..
; I love him .. I found my love for him .. I sublimated into a love letter every day he sent a message to him .. I do not know his character I have never received a reply .. I bought a lot of gifts given to him for him ..
Later, I learned that he was using me ...
sad .. sad
but I do not believe me .. .. I do not believe he ran to the school stepped Xuefei , people to pull him out, asked him: believe me? forget, if you do not agree to so that it ..!br> I have a week off at home and quiet back to school I did not laugh out ..
past, but I have to step in when such schools did not. . .. Some people call me a buddy pick up the phone I asked her, side of the road readily stopped a taxi to the hospital he was bound for City 2 .. No matter how those who came to the hospital call Miss .. .. I stumbled to ask a nurse .. I saw them all standing outside the operating room .. I ran out .. Why .. why the collapse? his buddies came over and said: .
operating room lights off .. I got up went to his side, said: You wake up we go, we go to school ... you do not die. their son .. I do not care I waited at his side,,, but .. the next morning he left I said a word ..
I remember he said:
Sunday, May 15, 2011
Shameless people
Now people, ah, how moral corruption to such a degree of ?!
on the train the day before yesterday , my colleagues found out a fugitive , a very young man , dressed very clean, looked also very handsome. it was these A person, actually able to imagine the bad things out of Superman .
one of his friends lured to his girlfriend in Guangdong, an attempt to the prostitution , the woman quit , so he woman locked in the room , so that Guy raped her ... ...
is incredible , how the world there are so shameless ! Selling their girlfriends , bullying friend 's wife ! How dry things out of this ? ! Than pigs and dogs !
on the train the day before yesterday , my colleagues found out a fugitive , a very young man , dressed very clean, looked also very handsome. it was these A person, actually able to imagine the bad things out of Superman .
one of his friends lured to his girlfriend in Guangdong, an attempt to the prostitution , the woman quit , so he woman locked in the room , so that Guy raped her ... ...
is incredible , how the world there are so shameless ! Selling their girlfriends , bullying friend 's wife ! How dry things out of this ? ! Than pigs and dogs !
Tuesday, May 10, 2011
Health knowledge
There is a very principle experience, do not the morning exercise. Suggest that you exercise the evening. International regulations, and 45 minutes after a meal and then exercise. And the movement of elderly people walking on it, 20 minutes. To lose weight do not have this method, a half hour to an hour before meals, eat 2-4 spirulina, and then to diminish the appetite, and lack of nutrition. Europeans to lose weight all with spirulina, the domestic eat Dora not a solution. The second is the time to get up the morning, the provisions of international 6:00, for your reference. Window of time specified on the 9 to the International 11, 2 pm to 4 points. Why? Because after 9 sinking of air pollution, and reduce pollutants, and no reflux phenomenon. Members note that the morning open the window, not where the big breath, as carcinogens, reflux material have come to your lungs, and easy to get lung cancer. International warned that the 6 am to 9 points are the most dangerous time cancer. Early bed and early to good health can not be generalized. Your stomach the night at home, a carbon dioxide absorption, respiratory tract, where there are 100 kinds of toxins, but also ran a small woods, the woods all morning, and carbon dioxide. Morning exercise, the basis of high blood pressure, basal body temperature high, adrenaline 4 times higher than in the evening, people with heart problems is easy. Out of the woods have to go to the sun, the chlorophyll to react with sunlight to produce oxygen. The woods all the time carbon dioxide, easy to poisoning, easy to get cancer. Huang Di Nei Jing says, I suggest that you keep good hours in summer, winter, do not go out the morning workout, evening workout instead. Not to say what kind of person are Zaoshuizaoqi good health, age from large who do not fierce. Teng some people stood up, suddenly a myocardial infarction. The international community is so to say, people over the age of 70, slowly, the first touch of the arm touch of legs, then massage massage the heart, take twelve minutes to rise. That no one had a heart attack. Therefore, different ages, different seasons require different treatment.
nap problems mentioned below. International regulations, the nap did not nap without argument. The Japanese do not advocate the last nap, but we advocate did not sleep well the night before, if you should take a nap. Nap time is half an hour after lunch, and the best sleep for an hour, sleeping too long on the body no good. Do not cover a large quilt. What time at night to sleep? We never advocate early hours. Early hours of the concept to make it clear that if sleep 7 and 12 got up Scrapped, it does not work. We stand for 10:00 to 10:30 to bed, because the international conference given one hour to one and a half hour into the deep sleep is the most scientific, which is 12:00 to 3:00, this three hours unshakeable, what they should not do. This 3 hours of deep sleep. If this 3 hours who Well, it certainly refreshed the next day. If you go to bed after 4:00, it is light sleep. Would not the same as sleeping and not sleeping. We stand for 12 to 3 am unshakeable, and a hot bath before going to bed, water temperature 40 to 50 degrees, which makes high-quality sleep.
nap problems mentioned below. International regulations, the nap did not nap without argument. The Japanese do not advocate the last nap, but we advocate did not sleep well the night before, if you should take a nap. Nap time is half an hour after lunch, and the best sleep for an hour, sleeping too long on the body no good. Do not cover a large quilt. What time at night to sleep? We never advocate early hours. Early hours of the concept to make it clear that if sleep 7 and 12 got up Scrapped, it does not work. We stand for 10:00 to 10:30 to bed, because the international conference given one hour to one and a half hour into the deep sleep is the most scientific, which is 12:00 to 3:00, this three hours unshakeable, what they should not do. This 3 hours of deep sleep. If this 3 hours who Well, it certainly refreshed the next day. If you go to bed after 4:00, it is light sleep. Would not the same as sleeping and not sleeping. We stand for 12 to 3 am unshakeable, and a hot bath before going to bed, water temperature 40 to 50 degrees, which makes high-quality sleep.
Thursday, April 28, 2011
Wednesday, April 27, 2011
Tuesday, April 26, 2011
Heart
1, Institute of unsympathetic, the roll to roll, the left 's to stay.
2, Institute of loneliness, not who will treat you as guarding treasure , the world is always alone
3, learn to be strong , in fact, a person can live a beautiful, your smile to watch herself , to cry to their own Listen
4, learn patience , to shut up , shut up , the silence to silence
5, learn to cherish , close friends are few , if you walk, it really only ourselves
6, learn to turn a blind eye , nausea, choose to ignore things , things that disgust selection screen , will not someone make me unhappy
7, learn to be satisfied , the so-called Better than are
8, learn to be independent and can not be blindly The trouble of others, to do their own thing their own , are the so-called求人不如求己
9, learn to grow up and can not be so capricious , so naive, so childish
10, Institute of serious , serious human and serious On the matter
11, learned to caution people not to know should know , should not interfere in the matter not to intervene
12, learn to forget, can not live in the past time , the memory has gone, to continue the present life < br> 13, learn to give up , some people will never belong to you, then happy to let go , do not dragging its feet, it will not only hurt the others, was totally their own
14, Institute of cold-blooded , good people are only good to me
15 , learn fun than ever before , even sad , but also smiling face
16, Institute of cruel, got to be the kill
2, Institute of loneliness, not who will treat you as guarding treasure , the world is always alone
3, learn to be strong , in fact, a person can live a beautiful, your smile to watch herself , to cry to their own Listen
4, learn patience , to shut up , shut up , the silence to silence
5, learn to cherish , close friends are few , if you walk, it really only ourselves
6, learn to turn a blind eye , nausea, choose to ignore things , things that disgust selection screen , will not someone make me unhappy
7, learn to be satisfied , the so-called Better than are
8, learn to be independent and can not be blindly The trouble of others, to do their own thing their own , are the so-called求人不如求己
9, learn to grow up and can not be so capricious , so naive, so childish
10, Institute of serious , serious human and serious On the matter
11, learned to caution people not to know should know , should not interfere in the matter not to intervene
12, learn to forget, can not live in the past time , the memory has gone, to continue the present life < br> 13, learn to give up , some people will never belong to you, then happy to let go , do not dragging its feet, it will not only hurt the others, was totally their own
14, Institute of cold-blooded , good people are only good to me
15 , learn fun than ever before , even sad , but also smiling face
16, Institute of cruel, got to be the kill
Monday, April 25, 2011
Do not let us continue with a wound injury
Do not let us continue with the wound recent four injured girlfriend of love, have to talk with me, and I have been able to experience the four specimens of withered love.
Sadly not love must end, but love is sometimes so unbearable end.
I also wanted to take my state always is: are falling out of love, about falling out of love, romance ... ... chronic illness treatment into medical care, I gradually worked out a few of experience, or a few scars. Do not recall the sweet memories, as will only make one more painful. Do not compare his attitude before and after breaking up, because there is no meaning. Do not doubt his decision, because he has decided. Do not try to restore, because it is not worthwhile to save. Do not forgive him the spur of the moment, because even if only impulse, a person must be responsible for their own impulses. Do not worry you will miss him the most horrible thing in your life, he is not afraid to miss you, you afraid of? Do not be afraid you are going to fall into a life without love, because that is impossible.
not because a person has abandoned you and enlarge the value of his infinite, infinite stretch your love, it is just an illusion, because at this time the pain has become one of your amplifier. Do not self-pity sorrow, if you believe you have been insulted, to be angry because anger has the power, but no pity.
was not the best way to hide my face from insult whining cry, but also angrily threw back: the inviolability of human dignity, he did not see anything.
forget as much as possible, my dear friend. Forget the bear thing, forget those ugly things.
you know, forget and never noticed things, almost to never happened. And then remember. Remember that even if we try to forget, but still as thin as the sun falling debris, still let us feel the warmth of things. I have always believed, that stuff is still valuable, and it is our only gift.
seems to me that romance has four phases: the first stage is not to believe, can not accept this fact. Love will find all kinds of evidence that still exists, although you Pafu on the ground, finally caught are full of old love to shed off the body. The second stage is anger, is libelous, try to make yourself to hate that person, over and over all his past and today are the quality of your love. The third stage is to restore, begging you put down the self-esteem takes the plunge, you feel the pain of losing his tightly guarded than your dignity, you luck and hope. The fourth stage is that you cynical, dismissive of the past belief in love, you actively looking for alternatives, eager to fall in love with a stranger, to prove his recovery. Then ... ... calm down, continue to live, and then fell in love with the next person.
A friend asked me, what wisdom can skip the stage? I thought for a moment, said no. But falling out of love so many times, I will skip the third stage, can be considered progress bar
Sadly not love must end, but love is sometimes so unbearable end.
I also wanted to take my state always is: are falling out of love, about falling out of love, romance ... ... chronic illness treatment into medical care, I gradually worked out a few of experience, or a few scars. Do not recall the sweet memories, as will only make one more painful. Do not compare his attitude before and after breaking up, because there is no meaning. Do not doubt his decision, because he has decided. Do not try to restore, because it is not worthwhile to save. Do not forgive him the spur of the moment, because even if only impulse, a person must be responsible for their own impulses. Do not worry you will miss him the most horrible thing in your life, he is not afraid to miss you, you afraid of? Do not be afraid you are going to fall into a life without love, because that is impossible.
not because a person has abandoned you and enlarge the value of his infinite, infinite stretch your love, it is just an illusion, because at this time the pain has become one of your amplifier. Do not self-pity sorrow, if you believe you have been insulted, to be angry because anger has the power, but no pity.
was not the best way to hide my face from insult whining cry, but also angrily threw back: the inviolability of human dignity, he did not see anything.
forget as much as possible, my dear friend. Forget the bear thing, forget those ugly things.
you know, forget and never noticed things, almost to never happened. And then remember. Remember that even if we try to forget, but still as thin as the sun falling debris, still let us feel the warmth of things. I have always believed, that stuff is still valuable, and it is our only gift.
seems to me that romance has four phases: the first stage is not to believe, can not accept this fact. Love will find all kinds of evidence that still exists, although you Pafu on the ground, finally caught are full of old love to shed off the body. The second stage is anger, is libelous, try to make yourself to hate that person, over and over all his past and today are the quality of your love. The third stage is to restore, begging you put down the self-esteem takes the plunge, you feel the pain of losing his tightly guarded than your dignity, you luck and hope. The fourth stage is that you cynical, dismissive of the past belief in love, you actively looking for alternatives, eager to fall in love with a stranger, to prove his recovery. Then ... ... calm down, continue to live, and then fell in love with the next person.
A friend asked me, what wisdom can skip the stage? I thought for a moment, said no. But falling out of love so many times, I will skip the third stage, can be considered progress bar
Wednesday, April 13, 2011
If I were just passing through , please do not good to me
If I really do not matter if I'm just a shadow,
then please, please do not good to me,
do not let me find myself get used to you, can not help you to rely on .
from the start, I just accompany you through life a little distance.
separation if destined to go pulled out of this habit do not let me!
the wound can not afford, because could not afford.
may have thought about starting their own closed,
just met you, and you,
support I feel the courage to go!
but sometimes really too concerned, too easily hurt.
know a lot of casual.
what it feels like it? Like their falling into the water, and then the moment of despair,
stretched over a hand I was born to bring hope,
I really really want in their own lives,
all hope When that person to pay a,
but without me, let me sink into the water!
fall from heaven to hell.
know, you really to me is very important, very important,
but when I know that you did not like me, thought,
when I know that you simply did not care too, br> Or play me as a tool,
only feel that they are really stupid, really stupid now!
encountered many people as before, said good to hear good to hear,
so I thought I was like his whole world,
going to believe, but to accept the time,
but Let me know, the original everything is false.
why I tried to tell people they can not easily believe that?
but still chose to believe. I believe that people,
you are important to me, perhaps I really did not grow up,
so I like to believe you, to count on you!
more than others care about your words and deeds, maybe you did not feel,
but that is true, the kind of feelings, with love, friendship, family does not matter.
in particular was unable to speak.
one day, you what happened, I would be afraid of anxiety,
one day, his sad sad, and want to escape the time, but also afraid you will worry.
you in my life as a very important person, but one day no matter if you are me,
leave me, even if I do not want to say, maybe not just sad, and ... ...
really does not matter if I have does not matter-nothing,
do so from the start to be nice,
a little bit because maybe you would want me to have the entire warm sun!
do not give me a good alms, do not give me sympathy for good, once I got used to the good,
when you turn around and go in time, leaving scars in addition to a road, what it?
This is what they have wanted to say, now turn around!
now want to come, this is the only way of youth,
there is pain, there is sweet, in retrospect,
leaving only faint memories! ~
then please, please do not good to me,
do not let me find myself get used to you, can not help you to rely on .
from the start, I just accompany you through life a little distance.
separation if destined to go pulled out of this habit do not let me!
the wound can not afford, because could not afford.
may have thought about starting their own closed,
just met you, and you,
support I feel the courage to go!
but sometimes really too concerned, too easily hurt.
know a lot of casual.
what it feels like it? Like their falling into the water, and then the moment of despair,
stretched over a hand I was born to bring hope,
I really really want in their own lives,
all hope When that person to pay a,
but without me, let me sink into the water!
fall from heaven to hell.
know, you really to me is very important, very important,
but when I know that you did not like me, thought,
when I know that you simply did not care too, br> Or play me as a tool,
only feel that they are really stupid, really stupid now!
encountered many people as before, said good to hear good to hear,
so I thought I was like his whole world,
going to believe, but to accept the time,
but Let me know, the original everything is false.
why I tried to tell people they can not easily believe that?
but still chose to believe. I believe that people,
you are important to me, perhaps I really did not grow up,
so I like to believe you, to count on you!
more than others care about your words and deeds, maybe you did not feel,
but that is true, the kind of feelings, with love, friendship, family does not matter.
in particular was unable to speak.
one day, you what happened, I would be afraid of anxiety,
one day, his sad sad, and want to escape the time, but also afraid you will worry.
you in my life as a very important person, but one day no matter if you are me,
leave me, even if I do not want to say, maybe not just sad, and ... ...
really does not matter if I have does not matter-nothing,
do so from the start to be nice,
a little bit because maybe you would want me to have the entire warm sun!
do not give me a good alms, do not give me sympathy for good, once I got used to the good,
when you turn around and go in time, leaving scars in addition to a road, what it?
This is what they have wanted to say, now turn around!
now want to come, this is the only way of youth,
there is pain, there is sweet, in retrospect,
leaving only faint memories! ~
Sunday, April 10, 2011
Procurement of the exam candidates
A number of materials that you have manufactured under the order notification, but was informed that because the customer has to cancel this order, but the company's other products and can not be used. How do you solve, and have three solutions? -
A: This question is too general, but encountered such a situation, the first must understand the supplier to complete your order status, and require suppliers to stop production orders. According to the supplier feedback to determine treatment. A if the vendor has not yet conducted a formal production orders can be coordinated with suppliers to cancel this one, please help to set the raw materials for other products. If the supplier has carried out the production, to require suppliers to provide accurate production quantities, and then coordinate with the marketing department to see whether such materials used in production in the future? If in the future be useful, just coordinate with the supplier immediately after the delivery of push. If not then, should have produced materials to clients obtain compensation. Date of clients to breach of contract if the contract within the permitted grounds, without any compensation, should be coordinated with the supplier as soon as possible at cost price to the amount of settled material, and to consider whether the material be of value discarded? As much as possible to limit the damage. -
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2, Why do procurement? -
A: A can be familiar with the commodity markets, expand our knowledge. B, can reach different people, improve communication skills, enhance personal charm. C, followed by the procurement is not easy to do well, and individuals to play a larger space, useful for personal development. Procurement of pressure - how to cost structure oriented to ensure that the procurement of goods for the lowest cost. Purchasing Management -
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3, buyer's value expression? Talk about your understanding of the procurement? -
A: The procurement for the company to save one yuan 11 yuan is equivalent to sales of goods sold, which is the value of buyers, as the procurement is in accordance with the needs of the company, the production needs of products, from corporate interests to buy necessary items that meet the product requirements, but also the company can accept the price, you're considered a qualified procurement. Procurement process -
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4, buyers should be how to develop new suppliers? -
A: The development of each company has its own supplier processes, generally gathered is the first supplier of information (Internet, exhibitions, friends, suppliers to introduce ourselves, etc.) - to supply implementation of business surveys Survey - Assessment - Suppliers to send samples - Qualified - included in the qualified suppliers; failure is to re-find. -
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5, electronic materials market price of what? -
A: This is not good that the great changes that he look up the recent price. -
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6, abruptly canceled customer orders, and the material back to the factory, and suppliers do not agree to return (not to the customer claims)? -
A: Usually this situation, the industry is relatively small in the procurement happen, because you have signed with the client a series of contracts with your suppliers also have a series of contracts signed , abruptly canceled the order when the customer when the customer is not to say that the order cancellation, without giving any treatment, in general, customers will certainly give you some ways to handle, for example: to find a new shipment buyer, take some time, so this time, in general, to find words that customers are new buyers, but the time range, you can only think about ways to help customers through various channels, while the right with suppliers to communicate the industry if this product is universal, and that is the standard one, and supplier to the appropriate communication of the supplier can sell this product out of integrity with the cooperation between the two sides, try to to convince the supplier if the supplier does not help, do not agree to return, it can only discuss with the boss or with the customer to closing down the shipment, and then try to find the product counterparts, or to find some relevant information, see ability to sell these goods! Because buyers have signed contracts with suppliers, not a vendor problem, as buyers can not easily return processing; -
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7, the cost of our products do -
A: The raw material cost + manufacturing costs (utilities, labor, maintenance, packaging, testing, machinery depreciation, newspaper, etc.) management fees + taxes + profits + transport -
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8, how to make common development with suppliers, the company? What are your views on the procurement strategy? -
A: This problem is rather large, but nothing more than the advances in technology, lower costs, shorten lead times, quality control standards, development scale and speed of several considerations, progress together. -
procurement needs is the best professional knowledge, experience and negotiating skills will also have some knowledge of the market, buyers and sellers to executives and managers to implement a quarter of a meeting to address pre-existing negative phenomena, proposed future development goals and strategic objectives, so that suppliers have a clear idea of a fully cooperate with our development process. -
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9, how to maintain the old supplier relationships? -
A: The maintenance of supplier relationships: because suppliers are not customers, there is no need to call often take the initiative to contact the feelings, the need to connect only when the general will take the initiative to call suppliers procurement, business-like, if it is treated as a private matter as to be a normal friend! -
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10, how to determine the actual quotations from suppliers? -
<1> through a number of parity -
<2> through cost points -
<3> by the product's functional position from the line compared with the same product to determine -
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11, the old quotes are slightly higher than the supplier each time a new supplier, but communication and then agree an appropriate reduction, should be how to deal with this situation -
A: take the goods separately from a new supplier of small quantities purchased. Of course, if this batch is gone from most of the old supplier. Because a product is not just price, as well as specifications, form, life, delivery, and so some aspects, I have small quantities of samples before making a final decision. -
other products generally share the same company should be 37 to open, who accounted for the bulk of whom have an advantage. Actual production will be a variety of conditions that, there are two suppliers in order to solve these problems effectively. If the final price of the old than the new supplier of high, then I would buy the bulk of the new, but will remain with the old supply and demand supplier relationship, a long-term supplier relationships is an asset. The prices you from the old Gong Yingshang I will buy the bulk, keep the supply of new suppliers qualifications. -
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12, suppliers how to deal with when you eat and drink? -
A: I have refused in principle, can not refuse to invite other colleagues on the appointment. Not very satisfied with his boss, said bosses should be invited to go there alone, can not ask other people to! After this point to pay attention -
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13, suppliers of materials there is a problem how to deal with? -
A: If payment has not fully paid their words, buckle part of the purchase price in order to require suppliers to offer returns or discounts replenishment requirements. If the customer specified requirements, then use that manufacturers provide test reports and samples of problems to customers, to customers complain, considering the development of other suppliers of similar products to avoid mourning in the supplier! -
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14, a section of materials for approximately 30W / month, the number of suppliers to choose more reasonable? -
A: I personally believe it depends on the circumstances. If the supplier has the strength, quality, good service, a manufacturer might also be supplied. The number of 30 million of the purchase price is not great. (Of course, manufacturers also must have a backup) for. The two plants supply, I think it is no better. A comparison between each other, but also mutual restraint. Too many companies, the effect may actually not. Correspondingly less money, the enthusiasm of manufacturers will not be too high. Sequelae may be a more appropriate number. Such as return, in the end is the house plant, it may also make you a headache when the time. -
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15, your former company has annual procurement plans, or price targets? You talk about is how to achieve or reach; -
A: Every company has such a formal program, no major changes in the market, it is all as planned, for the final is even lower than planned costs, Company executives gave a difference of 10% of the award. Is seeking a multi-vendor price quotes, then there are new materials to find alternative alternative to price cuts, getting goods from the manufacturer, the best source to reduce the difference intermediaries, as well as payments can be shortened or lengthened, then there are good plans state purchase of materials used, can be large price concessions to get some money each month to discuss more about the supplier price, this plan next year and probably the company's orders to negotiate with the provider, allow suppliers to see hope for the future naturally he agreed to drop out. -
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16, if you are taking the company, how would you carry out your work? -
A: 。
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17, if there is a supplier of goods, quality control is the incoming material supplier, the supplier said he can only make such an extent, as the procurement will be how to do? -
A: There are two possibilities: 1, if the company can also use this material, to apply for special mining, also modify the incoming inspection standard within the available, modifying an upper and lower limits If then later material, the quality of the test in accordance with the revised inspection, such goods can be used. 2, if such material does have quality problems, the company simply can not use, can not be improved in the other case, the proposed replacement of the suppliers! -
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18, if the supplier delivery can not be reached, the procurement should be how to do? -
A: If the supplier's delivery can not be reached, first issued improvement notices to strongly urge each other to improve, according to affect the delivery company did not reach the extent of the situation, given charge or delay payments to oversee and enforce each other to improve, if the other party can not improve, the proposed replacement of the suppliers! After all, quality and delivery of the normal operation of a company, it is very important! -
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19, the definition of procurement -
A: The use of corporate funds in exchange for valuable goods and services companies, which means that the funds to create resources (goods + services), the use of this resource by managing the greatest additional value assets, thus generating profits. -
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20, for a new product, how do you assess the vendor's offer is reasonable? The way you usually talk about how to estimate cost of the product! -
A: For a new product, if you want to assess the vendor's offer is reasonable, in the new product evaluation prior to the price, first you need to know the parts of new products, BOM, so that You can recognize parts of sections, to probably do a market survey, the findings of sections of parts made form co-ordination, according to the machining precision required to find some relevant information can be appropriate to understand these parts Some of the relevant industry quality standards, then the prevailing local processing costs and processing fees for certain about co-ordination, so that when suppliers offer to you, you can probably figure out the supplier offer is reasonable; and I way of estimating the cost of the investigation will be through this series to assess the cost of my product; if the process involves more than the procurement areas of expertise, generally requires the company's engineering and technical personnel provide assistance and negotiations to achieve the best results in its . -
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21, how to manage suppliers -
A: Supplier Management: all the suppliers listed in a table, the regular supplier quality, delivery, with the degree of review and assessment of information included in According to the assessment results can eliminate the scouring suppliers or replacement, if a particularly good performance of suppliers, depending on their circumstances, more than an order! -
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22, why should we hire you? -
A: The answer is Employers want to hear what you paid for the company, rather than how they help you to solve livelihood problems. Appropriate to talk about how they solved a problem, reduced corporate expenses, referred to in the answer to the previous success stories, your knowledge or skills. -
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23, you say is your greatest weakness? -
A: Now they are inside the bones in an egg, which is the interview in a move to protect themselves. To take advantage of this opportunity to let the other party can not find any reason to eliminate you, too honest job is because it is too frank and made a big mistake. We do not want you to lie, but we must be careful to speak! For example, even if you really procrastinating, or doing poorly be rational, do not admit it. If your job requires an interview team, do not admit that he does not always gregarious. -
will let you answer the following insurance, the smooth clearance: -
(1) times the level of those people as their own, I lack patience. -
(2) Sometimes I would be too sensitive, too concerned about what others think. -
(3) Sometimes I can not find time to relax. -
(4) sometimes in order to make a deal, I would have some radical. -
accordance with the above statement, implying that he in fact you are not in favor of lazy, not cold, he is a workaholic, or a tenacious sales people. As employees, that is actually not a weakness! -
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24, best summed up in three words your own what? -
A: adaptable, responsible and always doing things, with specific examples to explain to the examiner, so that they feel that you have development potential. -
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25, what you know about our company? -
A: to the other side by just being their own investigation and a lot of company information, and of course talk about the company's positive news is very important. -
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26, how do you know that we have this position? -
A: If you are asking from the company back at the news of someone, I remember mention of his name, said the company does not favor internal relations does not mean it does not exist. -
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27, good growth and positive development which one would you choose it? In addition to salary, what benefits most appealing to you? -
A: The favorable development, because life, you already should have their own ideals, and their own ambitions, a good development space conducive to their own ideals and aspirations, while young can learn a lot, making money is not the most important. Regular training and good development is to give my best welfare of the. (As honest, if you done enough homework, you know what they will provide the answer as far as possible and provide them with the match. If you feel you deserve more, you can also a little bit more.) -
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28, you participated in any extracurricular activities? -
A: Since it is best to make people think you are doing things no lack of finesse, it is best to emphasize that require teamwork and leadership activities. -
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29, you participate in a voluntary activity? -
A: now proceed to do some volunteer activities, not just those who contribute to the society, but also that your employer will care about, so if they do not have a staff, then You will become very good public relations resources. -
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30, Who is your hero? -
A: The best answer is your friends and family, try to avoid that and celebrities. -
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31, do you have any questions? -
A: Be sure to ask questions. -
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32, your past is how superior kind of person? -
A: The correct answer is only one: say good things. Even if you would like to take this opportunity to have a good scolding the meal so that you can not stand that people should never do so. Do not attack the previous owner, it makes you come to naught. Even if he is a fool or nothing, you should not be too much criticism. If you really can not say nice things, give some of impartial appraisal. buyer.top-sales.com.cn-
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33, why have not you find the right position? -
A: Do not be afraid to tell them that you may have to hire, do not say Pointed out that this is your first interview. -
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34, what are your hobbies? -
A: Find some of the spirit of wealth groups, there is a true story: Someone was rejected because his hobby is scuba diving. Examiner said: because it is a single event, I am not sure whether he can adapt to group work. -
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35, how do you think would like younger people than you / women to report it? -
replied:
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36, have thought about Start a Business? -
A: This question shows your momentum, but if your answer is buyer.top-sales.com.cn-
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37, Why did you quit the work of the original purchase .-
A: I left because the company closed down; My work in the company more than three years, with deep feeling; the beginning of last year, due to mutation of the market situation, the company's situation worsened ; to this point now I am very sorry, but have to face reality, to re-find my ability to play the stage. -
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38, Why are you applying the procurement office. think this post What is the difference with the other posts .-
replied: The. For example, -
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39, How much is your salary requirements .-
A: The answer model 1: If you are not completely self-expression values, the interviewer mentioned this problem to test you, you may wish to refer to the following answer: -
I believe that your company will deal with the issue of my friendly and reasonable. My focus is to find opportunities to work, so long as the conditions of fairness, I do not mind too much 。
answer model 2: If you have already stated the importance of the position, but the other still tell you to your reward is the best. You may wish to point out that the nature of work is actually worth it you get higher returns; clarify how you will strive to reduce the company's expenses; that work which you have to bear the costs themselves, to prove the value of your company, and that you require a higher return based on your performance as a precondition. But if the other side willing to compromise, you have not before getting a positive reply to the work, not to exclude your employer to consider. You can ask: 'Do you decide to hire me?
. Perhaps you will reconsider, or after you have made me more valuable to consider the work I 。
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40, supplied by a supplier Duiqi 物料 the price of a particular rise and rise was in line with market conditions, as the buyer to price analysis should be what? buyers how they deal with? -
A: do a complete market survey, to verify prices, understand the market, rising raw material floats, please re-list the cost of vendor tables, reasonable discussion, price adjustments accordingly; and contract prices fall back to the original or to adjust the corresponding price and market price, and the other from a long-term perspective is less quantitative in prices during the period, if the rising trend has been in style, to find alternative and more new materials to reduce costs, engineering assistance, please -
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41, if your company need an overseas procurement of materials, but the delivery is too long, in order to ensure the production of agents in the country can buy the same kinds of materials can be high prices, will in this case, you How to respond? -
A: First I will try to talk to talk about for Agents, agents obtained the lowest price, then the price of such materials overseas, and domestic suppliers, agents price (and be good for management to discuss the price), made an official form provided to the sales, the sales department and customers to communicate if it is to lower the price, we will consider whether guests can delay delivery, in order to achieve the material to meet procurement, and production delivery date, if the guests choose the high price, delivery standards, we can do by way of the guests, so that can protect their own interests, but also through this way, allowing companies do not by the losses! -
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42, the focus of procurement staff daily work? -
A: The development, maintenance and evaluation of suppliers; procurement contract negotiations; price evaluation; to develop and continuously improve the procurement process; purchasing quality requirements and specifications for materials management, and many other aspects of the book. Procurement focus? Timely and appropriate quality items suitable for the required purchase of the company .-
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43, procurement, how to maintain your database? -
A: The vendor and product information must be promptly updated. Such as the purchase price, minimum order quantity, delivery, supplier accounts, address, telephone and other contact information changes in time to change, modify the data before the other must be recognized by the leadership -
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44, the procurement process and related documents name? -
A: Receive procurement plan - consultation than negotiation - under the PO-audit - with the reminder - delivery - payment - returns. Related documents are: requisitions, purchase orders, quotations, Jinhuo Dan and so on. -
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45, the main factor in the procurement contract What? -
A: The quantity, unit price, payment method (including tax points), delivery location and mode of transport, delivery, quality control standards, signature review -
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46, evaluation of a supplier should have the quality? -
A: The provision of appropriate quality and adequate quantity and on time delivery, reasonable prices and friendly service. -
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47, the assessment of the supplier what items? -
Answer: A, general business conditions B, manufacturing capacity C, technical capacity D, the performance management E, quality and capacity. -
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48, when you do purchase the confusion? -
A: The price of the product, suppliers in the end how much profit? -
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49, what is the purchase 5R management? -
A: The right supplier, right quality, right time, right price, right amount -
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50, procurement management problems? -
A: The traditional lack of supplier management, the traditional relationship between supply and demand sides, the traditional procurement costs -
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51, how to establish good management system vendor? -
A: 1 the right choice of suppliers. 2 scientific evaluation of the performance of suppliers to maintain .3 .4 appropriate competition among suppliers and vendors build strategic partnership -
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52, purchasing supervisor how to assess the buyer? -
A: 9 major projects: the quality of work, workload, job-specific knowledge, cooperation degree, trustworthiness, active initiative, accuracy, adaptability, attitude - / p>
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53, the method of procurement cost reduction? -
A: 1, Design Optimization -
2, cost accounting method -
3, analog price method -
4, the tender bid method -
5, the size effect method -
6, domestic price method -
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54, the eligibility requirements for procurement practitioners? -
A: 1 General Knowledge 2 procurement object (commodity) technology and knowledge involved in market analysis and determine the technology 3 4 5 contracting and procurement of technical knowledge and technology performance and acceptance of government procurement management 6 technology and knowledge -
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55, which affect the procurement? -
Answer: a. production scheduling often can not continue due to lack of material. b. The reason why some vendors timely delivery rate is not high because there is not enough time to prepare for the quality of its raw materials or unstable .-
example, the much-needed reminder to the plant material with great difficulty, but found quality problems. c. shipping the material can not be imported to the plant in time. d. inaccurate inventory data is a major cause of shortage of material. e. procurement lead time allowed, plans often can not guarantee the sale of confirmed delivery orders. -
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56, there are several value-added tax invoices? -
A: 17% 6% 4% * 3% is not really what used to investigate their own -
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57, if the supplier rebate to you how do you do? -
A: The answer to many types can learn; to the large amount of the rebate will certainly exciting, but it received kickbacks is illegal, if you received the rebate will not manage the supplier , will take the short people's hands, he even if you do not have quality problems to handle, in the end lost his wife after bad, even the work could be lost, and back to a company, if there are people who know, people must know that you are resigned to reasons, may not even work no hope, so refused to receive rebates -
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58, the relationship between buyers and suppliers what? -
A: The mutual trust and mutually beneficial cooperation and exchange relations, increase mutual interests to reduce the loss of each other. -
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59, purchasing management, quality records which related? -
A: The design, inspection, testing, investigation, audit, quality system assessment is to confirm compliance requirements and effective operation of the important evidence and therefore should be preserved. -
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60, procurement of the factors affecting the delivery of what? -
Answer: a. financing of enterprises, such as claims, a variety of management cost increases, regular return b. No temporary storage of data to know out of stock. c. In case of scheduling problems with a single plug, and single and the order was canceled d. supplier issues, such as suppliers can not be achieved knowing that your delivery, and to take your order. And he changed his supplier, to modify the mold and adjust the process, change the design, replacing the material, and so buyers do not notice. e. describe the quality of delivery of poor quality do not know the first, second, the quality of data problems (such as the older figure) f. procurement of supplier information management issues, if the supplier point of delivery, transportation, suppliers, account number, address , contacts can lead to inaccurate delivery are not allowed. As for how to improve their own based on experience only you answered -
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61, buyers and various departments within the company What is the relationship? -
A: The relationship between communication and coordination with mutual aid -
What is procurement: is access to materials and services through the exchange of purchase behavior, for business at the right time, place, price for quality, quantity and appropriate resources. -
Buyer must have ability : cost-conscious and value analysis, forecasting ability, skills, good interpersonal communication and coordination abilities, professional knowledge. -
What is good buyer: Buyer must have ability, but a reasonable procurement plan, to comply with the principles of 5R, select the appropriate suppliers, and add in management, continuous increased. Not affect the normal production, lowering procurement costs. -
obligations of Buyer: procurement plans and needs confirmation, vendor selection and management, purchase quantity control, quality control, procurement, purchasing price control, delivery control, procurement, cost control procurement contract management, procurement records management. -
procurement process: information gathering, inquiry, parity, negotiation, evaluation, cord-like, decision, requisition, order, coordination and communication, reminders, stock inspected, order payment . -
purchase quantity calculation: Number = current period production and procurement should be the amount of + the end of scheduled stock - pre-estimate inventory - the number of pre-storage has been purchased is not - p> How to reduce procurement costs and reasonable
: procurement plan in advance to develop a reasonable inquiries, the current market, get hold of the cost factors and events. Looking for something more than qualified vendors offer, making the reserve price or budget, the use of negotiation skills. Select the appropriate vendor after contract prices, the use of quantity or cash discounts. -
purchase price components: the level of supplier costs, specifications and quality, purchasing, supply and demand, production and procurement of seasonal timing, delivery terms, payment terms. -
the cost of procurement of goods constitutes : engineering or manufacturing methods, the required special tools, equipment, direct and indirect material costs, direct and indirect labor costs, manufacturing costs or outsourcing costs, marketing costs and taxes, profit. -
What is the right price: the purchase price shall be the highest goal to achieve an appropriate price, buyers must purchase requirements, according to the market, analyze the quality of materials and price changes, select inexpensive materials to make a purchase. -
how to determine the purchase price is reasonable: cost analysis, pricing analysis, market research, many manufacturers offer.
A: This question is too general, but encountered such a situation, the first must understand the supplier to complete your order status, and require suppliers to stop production orders. According to the supplier feedback to determine treatment. A if the vendor has not yet conducted a formal production orders can be coordinated with suppliers to cancel this one, please help to set the raw materials for other products. If the supplier has carried out the production, to require suppliers to provide accurate production quantities, and then coordinate with the marketing department to see whether such materials used in production in the future? If in the future be useful, just coordinate with the supplier immediately after the delivery of push. If not then, should have produced materials to clients obtain compensation. Date of clients to breach of contract if the contract within the permitted grounds, without any compensation, should be coordinated with the supplier as soon as possible at cost price to the amount of settled material, and to consider whether the material be of value discarded? As much as possible to limit the damage. -
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2, Why do procurement? -
A: A can be familiar with the commodity markets, expand our knowledge. B, can reach different people, improve communication skills, enhance personal charm. C, followed by the procurement is not easy to do well, and individuals to play a larger space, useful for personal development. Procurement of pressure - how to cost structure oriented to ensure that the procurement of goods for the lowest cost. Purchasing Management -
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3, buyer's value expression? Talk about your understanding of the procurement? -
A: The procurement for the company to save one yuan 11 yuan is equivalent to sales of goods sold, which is the value of buyers, as the procurement is in accordance with the needs of the company, the production needs of products, from corporate interests to buy necessary items that meet the product requirements, but also the company can accept the price, you're considered a qualified procurement. Procurement process -
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4, buyers should be how to develop new suppliers? -
A: The development of each company has its own supplier processes, generally gathered is the first supplier of information (Internet, exhibitions, friends, suppliers to introduce ourselves, etc.) - to supply implementation of business surveys Survey - Assessment - Suppliers to send samples - Qualified - included in the qualified suppliers; failure is to re-find. -
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5, electronic materials market price of what? -
A: This is not good that the great changes that he look up the recent price. -
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6, abruptly canceled customer orders, and the material back to the factory, and suppliers do not agree to return (not to the customer claims)? -
A: Usually this situation, the industry is relatively small in the procurement happen, because you have signed with the client a series of contracts with your suppliers also have a series of contracts signed , abruptly canceled the order when the customer when the customer is not to say that the order cancellation, without giving any treatment, in general, customers will certainly give you some ways to handle, for example: to find a new shipment buyer, take some time, so this time, in general, to find words that customers are new buyers, but the time range, you can only think about ways to help customers through various channels, while the right with suppliers to communicate the industry if this product is universal, and that is the standard one, and supplier to the appropriate communication of the supplier can sell this product out of integrity with the cooperation between the two sides, try to to convince the supplier if the supplier does not help, do not agree to return, it can only discuss with the boss or with the customer to closing down the shipment, and then try to find the product counterparts, or to find some relevant information, see ability to sell these goods! Because buyers have signed contracts with suppliers, not a vendor problem, as buyers can not easily return processing; -
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7, the cost of our products do -
A: The raw material cost + manufacturing costs (utilities, labor, maintenance, packaging, testing, machinery depreciation, newspaper, etc.) management fees + taxes + profits + transport -
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8, how to make common development with suppliers, the company? What are your views on the procurement strategy? -
A: This problem is rather large, but nothing more than the advances in technology, lower costs, shorten lead times, quality control standards, development scale and speed of several considerations, progress together. -
procurement needs is the best professional knowledge, experience and negotiating skills will also have some knowledge of the market, buyers and sellers to executives and managers to implement a quarter of a meeting to address pre-existing negative phenomena, proposed future development goals and strategic objectives, so that suppliers have a clear idea of a fully cooperate with our development process. -
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9, how to maintain the old supplier relationships? -
A: The maintenance of supplier relationships: because suppliers are not customers, there is no need to call often take the initiative to contact the feelings, the need to connect only when the general will take the initiative to call suppliers procurement, business-like, if it is treated as a private matter as to be a normal friend! -
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10, how to determine the actual quotations from suppliers? -
<1> through a number of parity -
<2> through cost points -
<3> by the product's functional position from the line compared with the same product to determine -
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11, the old quotes are slightly higher than the supplier each time a new supplier, but communication and then agree an appropriate reduction, should be how to deal with this situation -
A: take the goods separately from a new supplier of small quantities purchased. Of course, if this batch is gone from most of the old supplier. Because a product is not just price, as well as specifications, form, life, delivery, and so some aspects, I have small quantities of samples before making a final decision. -
other products generally share the same company should be 37 to open, who accounted for the bulk of whom have an advantage. Actual production will be a variety of conditions that, there are two suppliers in order to solve these problems effectively. If the final price of the old than the new supplier of high, then I would buy the bulk of the new, but will remain with the old supply and demand supplier relationship, a long-term supplier relationships is an asset. The prices you from the old Gong Yingshang I will buy the bulk, keep the supply of new suppliers qualifications. -
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12, suppliers how to deal with when you eat and drink? -
A: I have refused in principle, can not refuse to invite other colleagues on the appointment. Not very satisfied with his boss, said bosses should be invited to go there alone, can not ask other people to! After this point to pay attention -
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13, suppliers of materials there is a problem how to deal with? -
A: If payment has not fully paid their words, buckle part of the purchase price in order to require suppliers to offer returns or discounts replenishment requirements. If the customer specified requirements, then use that manufacturers provide test reports and samples of problems to customers, to customers complain, considering the development of other suppliers of similar products to avoid mourning in the supplier! -
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14, a section of materials for approximately 30W / month, the number of suppliers to choose more reasonable? -
A: I personally believe it depends on the circumstances. If the supplier has the strength, quality, good service, a manufacturer might also be supplied. The number of 30 million of the purchase price is not great. (Of course, manufacturers also must have a backup) for. The two plants supply, I think it is no better. A comparison between each other, but also mutual restraint. Too many companies, the effect may actually not. Correspondingly less money, the enthusiasm of manufacturers will not be too high. Sequelae may be a more appropriate number. Such as return, in the end is the house plant, it may also make you a headache when the time. -
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15, your former company has annual procurement plans, or price targets? You talk about is how to achieve or reach; -
A: Every company has such a formal program, no major changes in the market, it is all as planned, for the final is even lower than planned costs, Company executives gave a difference of 10% of the award. Is seeking a multi-vendor price quotes, then there are new materials to find alternative alternative to price cuts, getting goods from the manufacturer, the best source to reduce the difference intermediaries, as well as payments can be shortened or lengthened, then there are good plans state purchase of materials used, can be large price concessions to get some money each month to discuss more about the supplier price, this plan next year and probably the company's orders to negotiate with the provider, allow suppliers to see hope for the future naturally he agreed to drop out. -
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16, if you are taking the company, how would you carry out your work? -
A: 。
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17, if there is a supplier of goods, quality control is the incoming material supplier, the supplier said he can only make such an extent, as the procurement will be how to do? -
A: There are two possibilities: 1, if the company can also use this material, to apply for special mining, also modify the incoming inspection standard within the available, modifying an upper and lower limits If then later material, the quality of the test in accordance with the revised inspection, such goods can be used. 2, if such material does have quality problems, the company simply can not use, can not be improved in the other case, the proposed replacement of the suppliers! -
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18, if the supplier delivery can not be reached, the procurement should be how to do? -
A: If the supplier's delivery can not be reached, first issued improvement notices to strongly urge each other to improve, according to affect the delivery company did not reach the extent of the situation, given charge or delay payments to oversee and enforce each other to improve, if the other party can not improve, the proposed replacement of the suppliers! After all, quality and delivery of the normal operation of a company, it is very important! -
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19, the definition of procurement -
A: The use of corporate funds in exchange for valuable goods and services companies, which means that the funds to create resources (goods + services), the use of this resource by managing the greatest additional value assets, thus generating profits. -
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20, for a new product, how do you assess the vendor's offer is reasonable? The way you usually talk about how to estimate cost of the product! -
A: For a new product, if you want to assess the vendor's offer is reasonable, in the new product evaluation prior to the price, first you need to know the parts of new products, BOM, so that You can recognize parts of sections, to probably do a market survey, the findings of sections of parts made form co-ordination, according to the machining precision required to find some relevant information can be appropriate to understand these parts Some of the relevant industry quality standards, then the prevailing local processing costs and processing fees for certain about co-ordination, so that when suppliers offer to you, you can probably figure out the supplier offer is reasonable; and I way of estimating the cost of the investigation will be through this series to assess the cost of my product; if the process involves more than the procurement areas of expertise, generally requires the company's engineering and technical personnel provide assistance and negotiations to achieve the best results in its . -
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21, how to manage suppliers -
A: Supplier Management: all the suppliers listed in a table, the regular supplier quality, delivery, with the degree of review and assessment of information included in According to the assessment results can eliminate the scouring suppliers or replacement, if a particularly good performance of suppliers, depending on their circumstances, more than an order! -
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22, why should we hire you? -
A: The answer is Employers want to hear what you paid for the company, rather than how they help you to solve livelihood problems. Appropriate to talk about how they solved a problem, reduced corporate expenses, referred to in the answer to the previous success stories, your knowledge or skills. -
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23, you say is your greatest weakness? -
A: Now they are inside the bones in an egg, which is the interview in a move to protect themselves. To take advantage of this opportunity to let the other party can not find any reason to eliminate you, too honest job is because it is too frank and made a big mistake. We do not want you to lie, but we must be careful to speak! For example, even if you really procrastinating, or doing poorly be rational, do not admit it. If your job requires an interview team, do not admit that he does not always gregarious. -
will let you answer the following insurance, the smooth clearance: -
(1) times the level of those people as their own, I lack patience. -
(2) Sometimes I would be too sensitive, too concerned about what others think. -
(3) Sometimes I can not find time to relax. -
(4) sometimes in order to make a deal, I would have some radical. -
accordance with the above statement, implying that he in fact you are not in favor of lazy, not cold, he is a workaholic, or a tenacious sales people. As employees, that is actually not a weakness! -
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24, best summed up in three words your own what? -
A: adaptable, responsible and always doing things, with specific examples to explain to the examiner, so that they feel that you have development potential. -
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25, what you know about our company? -
A: to the other side by just being their own investigation and a lot of company information, and of course talk about the company's positive news is very important. -
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26, how do you know that we have this position? -
A: If you are asking from the company back at the news of someone, I remember mention of his name, said the company does not favor internal relations does not mean it does not exist. -
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27, good growth and positive development which one would you choose it? In addition to salary, what benefits most appealing to you? -
A: The favorable development, because life, you already should have their own ideals, and their own ambitions, a good development space conducive to their own ideals and aspirations, while young can learn a lot, making money is not the most important. Regular training and good development is to give my best welfare of the. (As honest, if you done enough homework, you know what they will provide the answer as far as possible and provide them with the match. If you feel you deserve more, you can also a little bit more.) -
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28, you participated in any extracurricular activities? -
A: Since it is best to make people think you are doing things no lack of finesse, it is best to emphasize that require teamwork and leadership activities. -
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29, you participate in a voluntary activity? -
A: now proceed to do some volunteer activities, not just those who contribute to the society, but also that your employer will care about, so if they do not have a staff, then You will become very good public relations resources. -
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30, Who is your hero? -
A: The best answer is your friends and family, try to avoid that and celebrities. -
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31, do you have any questions? -
A: Be sure to ask questions. -
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32, your past is how superior kind of person? -
A: The correct answer is only one: say good things. Even if you would like to take this opportunity to have a good scolding the meal so that you can not stand that people should never do so. Do not attack the previous owner, it makes you come to naught. Even if he is a fool or nothing, you should not be too much criticism. If you really can not say nice things, give some of impartial appraisal. buyer.top-sales.com.cn-
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33, why have not you find the right position? -
A: Do not be afraid to tell them that you may have to hire, do not say Pointed out that this is your first interview. -
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34, what are your hobbies? -
A: Find some of the spirit of wealth groups, there is a true story: Someone was rejected because his hobby is scuba diving. Examiner said: because it is a single event, I am not sure whether he can adapt to group work. -
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35, how do you think would like younger people than you / women to report it? -
replied:
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36, have thought about Start a Business? -
A: This question shows your momentum, but if your answer is buyer.top-sales.com.cn-
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37, Why did you quit the work of the original purchase .-
A: I left because the company closed down; My work in the company more than three years, with deep feeling; the beginning of last year, due to mutation of the market situation, the company's situation worsened ; to this point now I am very sorry, but have to face reality, to re-find my ability to play the stage. -
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38, Why are you applying the procurement office. think this post What is the difference with the other posts .-
replied: The. For example, -
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39, How much is your salary requirements .-
A: The answer model 1: If you are not completely self-expression values, the interviewer mentioned this problem to test you, you may wish to refer to the following answer: -
I believe that your company will deal with the issue of my friendly and reasonable. My focus is to find opportunities to work, so long as the conditions of fairness, I do not mind too much 。
answer model 2: If you have already stated the importance of the position, but the other still tell you to your reward is the best. You may wish to point out that the nature of work is actually worth it you get higher returns; clarify how you will strive to reduce the company's expenses; that work which you have to bear the costs themselves, to prove the value of your company, and that you require a higher return based on your performance as a precondition. But if the other side willing to compromise, you have not before getting a positive reply to the work, not to exclude your employer to consider. You can ask: 'Do you decide to hire me?
. Perhaps you will reconsider, or after you have made me more valuable to consider the work I 。
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40, supplied by a supplier Duiqi 物料 the price of a particular rise and rise was in line with market conditions, as the buyer to price analysis should be what? buyers how they deal with? -
A: do a complete market survey, to verify prices, understand the market, rising raw material floats, please re-list the cost of vendor tables, reasonable discussion, price adjustments accordingly; and contract prices fall back to the original or to adjust the corresponding price and market price, and the other from a long-term perspective is less quantitative in prices during the period, if the rising trend has been in style, to find alternative and more new materials to reduce costs, engineering assistance, please -
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41, if your company need an overseas procurement of materials, but the delivery is too long, in order to ensure the production of agents in the country can buy the same kinds of materials can be high prices, will in this case, you How to respond? -
A: First I will try to talk to talk about for Agents, agents obtained the lowest price, then the price of such materials overseas, and domestic suppliers, agents price (and be good for management to discuss the price), made an official form provided to the sales, the sales department and customers to communicate if it is to lower the price, we will consider whether guests can delay delivery, in order to achieve the material to meet procurement, and production delivery date, if the guests choose the high price, delivery standards, we can do by way of the guests, so that can protect their own interests, but also through this way, allowing companies do not by the losses! -
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42, the focus of procurement staff daily work? -
A: The development, maintenance and evaluation of suppliers; procurement contract negotiations; price evaluation; to develop and continuously improve the procurement process; purchasing quality requirements and specifications for materials management, and many other aspects of the book. Procurement focus? Timely and appropriate quality items suitable for the required purchase of the company .-
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43, procurement, how to maintain your database? -
A: The vendor and product information must be promptly updated. Such as the purchase price, minimum order quantity, delivery, supplier accounts, address, telephone and other contact information changes in time to change, modify the data before the other must be recognized by the leadership -
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44, the procurement process and related documents name? -
A: Receive procurement plan - consultation than negotiation - under the PO-audit - with the reminder - delivery - payment - returns. Related documents are: requisitions, purchase orders, quotations, Jinhuo Dan and so on. -
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45, the main factor in the procurement contract What? -
A: The quantity, unit price, payment method (including tax points), delivery location and mode of transport, delivery, quality control standards, signature review -
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46, evaluation of a supplier should have the quality? -
A: The provision of appropriate quality and adequate quantity and on time delivery, reasonable prices and friendly service. -
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47, the assessment of the supplier what items? -
Answer: A, general business conditions B, manufacturing capacity C, technical capacity D, the performance management E, quality and capacity. -
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48, when you do purchase the confusion? -
A: The price of the product, suppliers in the end how much profit? -
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49, what is the purchase 5R management? -
A: The right supplier, right quality, right time, right price, right amount -
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50, procurement management problems? -
A: The traditional lack of supplier management, the traditional relationship between supply and demand sides, the traditional procurement costs -
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51, how to establish good management system vendor? -
A: 1 the right choice of suppliers. 2 scientific evaluation of the performance of suppliers to maintain .3 .4 appropriate competition among suppliers and vendors build strategic partnership -
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52, purchasing supervisor how to assess the buyer? -
A: 9 major projects: the quality of work, workload, job-specific knowledge, cooperation degree, trustworthiness, active initiative, accuracy, adaptability, attitude - / p>
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53, the method of procurement cost reduction? -
A: 1, Design Optimization -
2, cost accounting method -
3, analog price method -
4, the tender bid method -
5, the size effect method -
6, domestic price method -
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54, the eligibility requirements for procurement practitioners? -
A: 1 General Knowledge 2 procurement object (commodity) technology and knowledge involved in market analysis and determine the technology 3 4 5 contracting and procurement of technical knowledge and technology performance and acceptance of government procurement management 6 technology and knowledge -
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55, which affect the procurement? -
Answer: a. production scheduling often can not continue due to lack of material. b. The reason why some vendors timely delivery rate is not high because there is not enough time to prepare for the quality of its raw materials or unstable .-
example, the much-needed reminder to the plant material with great difficulty, but found quality problems. c. shipping the material can not be imported to the plant in time. d. inaccurate inventory data is a major cause of shortage of material. e. procurement lead time allowed, plans often can not guarantee the sale of confirmed delivery orders. -
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56, there are several value-added tax invoices? -
A: 17% 6% 4% * 3% is not really what used to investigate their own -
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57, if the supplier rebate to you how do you do? -
A: The answer to many types can learn; to the large amount of the rebate will certainly exciting, but it received kickbacks is illegal, if you received the rebate will not manage the supplier , will take the short people's hands, he even if you do not have quality problems to handle, in the end lost his wife after bad, even the work could be lost, and back to a company, if there are people who know, people must know that you are resigned to reasons, may not even work no hope, so refused to receive rebates -
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58, the relationship between buyers and suppliers what? -
A: The mutual trust and mutually beneficial cooperation and exchange relations, increase mutual interests to reduce the loss of each other. -
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59, purchasing management, quality records which related? -
A: The design, inspection, testing, investigation, audit, quality system assessment is to confirm compliance requirements and effective operation of the important evidence and therefore should be preserved. -
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60, procurement of the factors affecting the delivery of what? -
Answer: a. financing of enterprises, such as claims, a variety of management cost increases, regular return b. No temporary storage of data to know out of stock. c. In case of scheduling problems with a single plug, and single and the order was canceled d. supplier issues, such as suppliers can not be achieved knowing that your delivery, and to take your order. And he changed his supplier, to modify the mold and adjust the process, change the design, replacing the material, and so buyers do not notice. e. describe the quality of delivery of poor quality do not know the first, second, the quality of data problems (such as the older figure) f. procurement of supplier information management issues, if the supplier point of delivery, transportation, suppliers, account number, address , contacts can lead to inaccurate delivery are not allowed. As for how to improve their own based on experience only you answered -
-
61, buyers and various departments within the company What is the relationship? -
A: The relationship between communication and coordination with mutual aid -
What is procurement: is access to materials and services through the exchange of purchase behavior, for business at the right time, place, price for quality, quantity and appropriate resources. -
Buyer must have ability : cost-conscious and value analysis, forecasting ability, skills, good interpersonal communication and coordination abilities, professional knowledge. -
What is good buyer: Buyer must have ability, but a reasonable procurement plan, to comply with the principles of 5R, select the appropriate suppliers, and add in management, continuous increased. Not affect the normal production, lowering procurement costs. -
obligations of Buyer: procurement plans and needs confirmation, vendor selection and management, purchase quantity control, quality control, procurement, purchasing price control, delivery control, procurement, cost control procurement contract management, procurement records management. -
procurement process: information gathering, inquiry, parity, negotiation, evaluation, cord-like, decision, requisition, order, coordination and communication, reminders, stock inspected, order payment . -
purchase quantity calculation: Number = current period production and procurement should be the amount of + the end of scheduled stock - pre-estimate inventory - the number of pre-storage has been purchased is not - p> How to reduce procurement costs and reasonable
: procurement plan in advance to develop a reasonable inquiries, the current market, get hold of the cost factors and events. Looking for something more than qualified vendors offer, making the reserve price or budget, the use of negotiation skills. Select the appropriate vendor after contract prices, the use of quantity or cash discounts. -
purchase price components: the level of supplier costs, specifications and quality, purchasing, supply and demand, production and procurement of seasonal timing, delivery terms, payment terms. -
the cost of procurement of goods constitutes : engineering or manufacturing methods, the required special tools, equipment, direct and indirect material costs, direct and indirect labor costs, manufacturing costs or outsourcing costs, marketing costs and taxes, profit. -
What is the right price: the purchase price shall be the highest goal to achieve an appropriate price, buyers must purchase requirements, according to the market, analyze the quality of materials and price changes, select inexpensive materials to make a purchase. -
how to determine the purchase price is reasonable: cost analysis, pricing analysis, market research, many manufacturers offer.
Wednesday, April 6, 2011
Sin infinitive
Non Nanbian, is difficult to distinguish good and evil !
good may become bad and bad are not necessarily good, everyone's right and wrong , given the different definitions of sin .
crimes, is to maintain social order derived from a description of the bad things . The different social , different ethics, different ideas concept, gave the contents of the crime under a different definition.
Sometimes, they might feel right, but others will think it is wrong, and sometimes , it may be true, but it will feel wrong. Sometimes, hope may be true, but only to find wrong. This is the infinitive
evil !
because the existence of evil infinitive , so I hope that everyone can use a more objective perspective to judge the real thing , do not do unnecessary assumptions, it is not only unfair on other people for their An injury. Perhaps one day , will find that they are wrong so far off the mark , when do you make sense of guilt associated with a ? Although the infinitive
sin , tolerance is routine.
more things on the side of tolerance , friend, you will get a lot!
good may become bad and bad are not necessarily good, everyone's right and wrong , given the different definitions of sin .
crimes, is to maintain social order derived from a description of the bad things . The different social , different ethics, different ideas concept, gave the contents of the crime under a different definition.
Sometimes, they might feel right, but others will think it is wrong, and sometimes , it may be true, but it will feel wrong. Sometimes, hope may be true, but only to find wrong. This is the infinitive
evil !
because the existence of evil infinitive , so I hope that everyone can use a more objective perspective to judge the real thing , do not do unnecessary assumptions, it is not only unfair on other people for their An injury. Perhaps one day , will find that they are wrong so far off the mark , when do you make sense of guilt associated with a ? Although the infinitive
sin , tolerance is routine.
more things on the side of tolerance , friend, you will get a lot!
Thursday, March 31, 2011
Depth analysis of China's fourth generation machine F -20
China has been the topic of F-20 caused a sensation at home and abroad, in the Chinese military, the most attention to China was undoubtedly the new weapons the U.S. military. J -20 U.S. media reports, there will always be proud of with the U.S. F-22 stealth fighters were compared, in some U.S. experts, the performance of J -20 with the U.S. military's most advanced stealth F-22 comparable aircraft may endanger the U.S. air superiority fighter.
But as Russia, places like the island, but filled with different voices, they think, F -20 . Also claimed that many important parts of China can not be mass production.
So, what is the view that closer to the truth? In order to avoid a vacuum of speculation and discussion, with examples, we had to escape, with the PK on the way to -20 F and F-22 technology and capacity to make some comparison. In the comparison before, and it takes some effort to clarify the complicated background. January 11, 2011: F-20 flight
watched friends in Chengdu, China J-20 stealth fighter was at 12:50 on January 11, 2011 or so off the first flight test, 13:11 successful landing. The entire flight process is accompanied by F-10S accomplished trainer battle, which lasted about 18 minutes, a success. Successfully completed its first flight in the F--20 after landing, a flight test off the site cheers, crowd outside the airport also suffered a sensational fireworks.
J -20 with the sky, every point of the aircraft were completely bare in front of millions of camera lens, the network also appeared in more high-definition photo. To this end, we have a topic on a single point under the ground the analysis of fuzzy pictures, you must do some correction. 【Detail】
canopy gap is almost invisible and smooth belly like a sports car no time estimates of various aircraft fuselage RCS superior level of surface treatment - or super-stealth F-22 With the emergence of the first high-resolution photos, we found amazing, different pictures of the previous fuzzy, J -20 delicate body showing a smooth, mirror-like luxury cars can learn a lesson the surface, this surface not only in China fighter jets is never see in the global aircraft is also second to none. This shows that fly into the manufacturing process and stealth coatings deposited to achieve a high standard.
stealth gray in dark blue paint (a variety of spectrum is likely to be effective) cover, the body of the rivet, the opening and the edge can not see. After a series of complex image processing, only a few glimpses of the looming side seam. Even with the king of stealth technology compared to B-2, F -20 are not much better, even slightly better.
The stealthy F-22 is much thinner coating, like lacquer general, the surface of the rivets, opening and the edge is clearly visible. Although not a stealth coating thicker, more complex to be advanced, but such a thin layer of paint, revealing the flap was obviously less than the level of stealth processing performance.
in the overall shape of the gap treatment and stealth stealth coating that the three aspects of treatment, F -20 F-22 are clearly a notch above. Our analysis of (the) topic in the estimates may be conservative - and J -20 stealth level is likely to surpass F-22, the standard is quite the worst - that is positive RCS = 0.1 square meters. (RCS, the Radar Cross-Section of the abbreviation, the Chinese interpretation of the radar reflection cross-sectional area.) 【More】 off less than 200 meters? Shocking short take-off capability Zhuhai Air Show in 2008, the canard of the J -10 shows excellent short takeoff capability, its take-off roll distance less than 280 meters, which was the Chinese military was a hot topic. According to an eyewitness description of calculation we can see the video circulated on the Internet, the first flight of the J -20 only roll about 230 meters to the sky - this is at the discretion of safety first, first flight movements in a very conservative .
Obviously, if a free hand to play, then F -20 200 meters from the ground is entirely possible. This shows the powerful engine in the F -20, side bar, duck under the combined effects of the extreme wing lift effect. 【More】 survey F -20 fighter do you think when the troops can be formal? Year 2018-2020 2020-2025 2015-2018 after 2025 years of F-22 stealth surface F-22's stealth coating, surface treatment and the opening has a gap compared to -20 F, the other, F-22 of the CARET inlet separation partition happens to be a standard cavity structure, a strong reflection of radar is far better than the so-called F -20 canard effect. Although it can be alleviated by absorbing paint, but still the soft underbelly of F-22 stealth.
B-2 stealth surface B-2 stealth deal with the surface is similar to J -20. However, as B-2 do not consider mobility, so the overall exterior design is more stealthy than the F -20 advantages.
whether the carrier-based aircraft carrier can be changed? Since J -20 with excellent short take-off ability, whether that idea, as some military enthusiasts, J -20 can be converted into a powerful heavy-duty aircraft carrier to show disdain for Haitian it?
to note that the overall selection F -20 high-speed configuration, in particular high-speed low aspect ratio wing, may make the low-altitude low-speed flight performance has been lacking, for the sea conditions in the complex approach to land in the small demand for the aircraft carrier deck, the aircraft landing speed may be overheated, the difficulty is high. J -20
so if you want to be converted into a carrier-based aircraft carrier would need to like the idea of the Navy F-22 type as high-speed airfoil aspect ratio of the change in the F-14 type of variable folding wings; or, as the F-35 Navy, as increased wing. 【Detail】
stealth technology was actually too much touted the Air Force boasts of stealth technology to the somewhat esoteric, the point of marvelous, and the public, the media's pursuit of stealth features to hide the truth just the point.
the analysis of the value of stealth aircraft before the war, it is necessary to review the concepts of stealth technology. But a relative statement stealth, nothing more than weaken, inhibit, absorb, deflect radar target echo intensity, the relative value of its existing aircraft RCS and radar system down to a lower value, in order to achieve a transparent one-way battle , one-way attack.
However, the spear and shield, racing each other and each other improve. Radar system is rapidly progressive, and because of its inherent advantages, will soon be able to go beyond the radar system, stealth technology, stealth technology experienced shift the invisible wall, stalled. 【Detail】
third-generation Russian fighter mechanical radar, According to radar theory, the effective detection range and target RCS of the fourth root (the fourth side open RCS) was directly proportional relationship. This theorem, in order to make the other side of radar detection range reduced to 1 / 2, then one's own target RCS will be reduced to the original 1 / 16.
and for fighters who, RCS reduction from 10 square meters to 1 square meters is relatively easy to do things (such as the F/A-18E/F 0.1 square meters to need a lot of stealth optimization methods (such as the F-22 and J -20 with the many ways), but down from 0.1 square meters to cut to the need for more unconventional means, and difficult to further optimize (such as the B-2 bomber).
other words, stealth and counter stealth wrestling, the ultimate winner or radar. 【More】 Revolutionary airborne active phased array radar The first third-generation fighters equipped with a mechanical scanning pulse Doppler radar, then such aircraft as the MiG -31 began with a passive phased array radar (PESA), or called passive phased array radar, its main characteristics is through an electronic array antenna, radar electronics to achieve the distribution and control, to achieve a true multi-target search and tracking capabilities.
Active Phased Array Radar (AESA), or also known as active phased array radar is the emergence of another revolutionary technological advances. It eliminates the traditional center-type high-power radar transmitters, the antenna and transmit / receive (T / R) devices into one, each antenna array element is formed by the small gallium arsenide microwave integrated circuit modules, including the complete radar beam manufacturing, transmitting and receiving functions, is a complete miniature radar.
phased array radar, in particular the active phased array (AESA) radar with the traditional mechanical scanning radar compared to a world of difference between functionality and performance, benefits and more to the point where is difficult to count them out. For aircraft performance, the most important one is to achieve a true two-point multi-target capability and the power is greatly enhanced.
AESA radar as an efficient use of microwave integrated circuits transmit / receive array elements (referred to as T / R module), the microwave energy loss is negligible, for the same installation space (the same power and antenna cover) who, AESA the effective power radiated by the radar than the machine is 10 times the radar to detect long distance 75%.
AESA radar, the advantages are: failure of some modules does not affect the overall performance, radar reliability is a leap; multi-objective multi-tasking features outstanding combination of different modules can be assigned to perform different tasks. The successful application of AESA airborne radar of traditional a revolution, she is like behind DOS computer from a variety of Windows to upgrade to the system, greatly expanded the field of radar applications and improve the radar performance, and to improve and enrich the combat aircraft mission capability and combat mode. 【More】 rapid increase detection capabilities of modern fighter radar radar integrated circuit performance can be determined with reference to Moore's Law as long as the fate of the aircraft radar power, stealth fighters still obediently betray oneself Fourth-generation stealth fighter has been able to achieve technical superiority was the essence, because the previous third-generation fighters are equipped with traditional mechanical scanning radar, the radar is generally detected at 70 km distance to the typical 3-5 meters RCS fighter target. For RCS 0.1 m2 down to 0.5 or even stealth aircraft, the radar detection range drops to about 20 kilometers, the distance is close to that of the visual - and in fact as early as the two sides close to this distance before. Three generations of fighters were behind an advanced fourth generation fighter in the long-range air to air missile fired shot down.
However, in the face of high-power AESA radar, stealth aircraft not going to work, and this aircraft radar target RCS 3-5 meters distance of up to 160 or even the discovery of more than 200 km, even stealth aircraft RCS reduced to 1 / 100 , radar detection range triple play, there are 6,70 km, enough to guide long-range air to air missile launch needs.
stealth technology and is the relationship between spear and shield, then both sides will be able to form an effective range of weapons outside of the ability to find each other, that the battlefield has become on depreciated.
So, too much emphasis on stealth aircraft performance and dependence, like shaking clever, tricky to play, play a while, could not handle a long time. 【More】 Various types of aircraft used by the U.S. radar APG-77: active phased array radar, fighter leader
APG-77 radar on the large-scale aerial target detection range as far 400--460 km, the detection of third-generation fighter distance 190--260 km proximity search capabilities and early warning aircraft. But its outstanding advantage is its low can capture technique with that using only a needle-shaped beam width of 2 degrees on the instantaneous direction of the desired objectives, frequency scanning, making almost impossible to sense the enemy F-22 radar signal. 【Detail】
APG-63V3: F-15 modification APG-79: modified F/A-18 Various types of aircraft used by the Russian radar N001: Su-27 early pulse radar N011: Su-27 radar N011M: Su-30 PESA radar N035: Su-35 AESA Radar Will be used for T-50's AESA radar Speed to become a major bargaining chip to determine the winner As said, the RCS will be reduced to the original aircraft to 10%, the radar detection range of its reduced to only 56% of the original. Even if the RCS reduced to 1% of the original, the radar detection range reduced to only 32% of the original. Easy to improve radar performance and reduce the RCS is difficult, with the rapid development of radar technology, stealth aircraft stealth increasingly unreliable, so estimates of the role of stealth technology should not be too high.
If, in the four generations of air combat unit of the three generations of machine, you can with the advantage of access to such information is not to take the lead, calmly deal with the privilege, then the fourth-generation fighter and is equipped with three generations of advanced fighter AESA radar or four generations of fighters against time, speed has become an important bargaining chip to determine the winner. Principle is to try to combat the energy to improve their own speed (kinetic energy) and height (potential energy) and the rational use of the energy advantage, cutting the opponent's height and speed advantage. 【Detail】
Beyond Visual Range combat is closely related to performance and speed of carrier aircraft first interception missile launches from the carrier aircraft when speed is essential, effective range air to air missiles is not a constant, it was the height of the two machines, the speed, the relative angular position, to what extent do mobile target actions and the performance of the missile itself, so have a relationship.
first flight of the missile itself can set machine speed range and power are closely related, if with an AIM-120 dynamic range to 80 km, the launch carrier aircraft speed to reach at least 1.4-1.6M, if subsonic When launched, the missile range to only 65 km. Secondly, after the air to air missile on the missile launch to promote the missile engines, missile engines, but generally only work a few seconds, then glide the missile relies entirely on the inertia, the more over the slow.
high-speed mobile missile to hit aircraft must maintain a very strong mobility. Rocket engine, the missile has a power-driven, and its mobility is the strongest flight. When the missile is at an advanced inertial flight, the missile has only kinetic energy but no momentum, this time the missile maneuvering to further pursue the goal, the missile will quickly reduce the remaining kinetic energy, mobility also will be greatly reduced. Usually a maximum range of the air to air missiles can not hit the target, even if such aircraft is the F -7 mobility can be avoided by this type of advanced AIM-120C missile attack (of course it also depends on the level of the pilot.) 【Detail】
actual missile BVRAC parameters than the marked distance much closer to Therefore, the missile can be fired out of the maximum distance, there is an optimal transmission range, namely the effective range. Pilots should strive to have the best missile launch from the side opened fire. Modern aircraft fire control system to provide this information for pilots, fire too early or too late, for all of the adverse BVRAC.
currently active radar air to air missiles generally have the power range of 70-80 km, but the real, can be effective against moving targets, but the effective range of 30-40 km only. In actual combat, the Air Force during the Gulf War the main power equipment is 40-50 km range AIM-7 AAM passive radar, the actual distance of 20 kilometers firing up and down. Now the U.S. military's AIM-120 active radar air missiles, in firing range of the actual confrontation, but also 25 km from top to bottom.
at this distance, the missile shortly after launch seeker can lock on to targets, carrier aircraft can after launching; missile in the engine of the leg, mobility at its best against maneuvering targets are fully grasp - This distance is just too close to the point, the missile did not hit this round, the parties will enter 10 km away from the close fighting was. 【Detail】
speed advantage is still change the rules of air combat if the performance of a missile fired by both sides fairly, then the energy of two aircraft to become an important weight in the outcome of air combat. Taller faster aircraft, missiles fired effective the end of attack range and mobility are more and more destruction, you can close and lock the first goal, set machine can then turn around to avoid; and slower will be in a dilemma situation, other lock their missiles yet, already the first approximation of the enemy's missiles, to avoid the missile hit, then the probability of their own will reduce, if not hide their own small lives more dangerous. Here, the role of the speed advantage is obvious.
shot in both sides after the missile strikes to avoid each other when the energy of the aircraft itself is more important advantage. Fighter tactical maneuver to avoid incoming missiles or action has a barrel roll maneuver, wide-angle turn, the rapid rise or fall and so on. Not difficult to see both the motor and take advantage of high altitude fighter, almost over the horizon air combat in an invincible position. . 【Detail】
Myth: Modern Air Combat is the missile simply on the radio? AAM appears, because some incorrect information, gives rise to many misunderstandings. That are now well into the era of ultra long-range air combat, as long as the pilot pressed the button, the missile went straight as an arrow to automatically target hundreds of kilometers away, the pilot turned and calmly get out, call it a day to go home.
fact, far from the evolution of modern air combat to such a degree of intelligence, air to air missile that targets can not be independent and fully autonomous flight, is not easy to hit the target. It must ensure that the seeker has been reliably intercepted target. So the real In the long-range missiles, 【Detail】
limited capacity of the missile guidance even if today's mainstream, active radar-guided medium-range air to air missiles, while claiming to Missile guidance radar in the effective distance (currently not more than 20-30 kilometers) inside the launch, the missile is still a launch pylon on or just be able to lock on to targets, carrier aircraft from the aircraft can move the natural retreat.
If the launch farther away from the target aircraft, carrier aircraft and missiles at this time can only know the location of enemy aircraft, plus aircraft at this time on the basis of calculation of heading and speed of the aircraft and extrapolated future routes. According to the parameters of the missile at this time can only be expected to block the firing range.
dramatically change the course in order to prevent enemy aircraft beyond the expected range, the missile flight, most of the stage must be to provide target aircraft radar real-time information, according to the new amendments to the intended point of interception trajectory, that carrier aircraft but also For a long time, but without the continuous exposure guidance. 【Detail】
the secret air war to win - supersonic capability relative to the previous fourth generation fighter aircraft, flight performance is in fact the biggest breakthrough in supersonic flight under combat capability.
supersonic cruise through the substance is an advanced aerodynamic design, greatly reduce supersonic drag, increase lift-drag ratio, combined with high-thrust engines with low fuel consumption and thrust vector aircraft to achieve supersonic performance leap stage, this superior performance tip of the iceberg is the supersonic cruise, and this is its meaning, and also the standard it can be one of generational reasons. 【Detail】
YF-23 supersonic capability also emphasized a more balanced overall F-22 F-22 F-119 engines power the F-35 more powerful F-135 engine supersonic cruise secret: Low aerodynamic shape, high-thrust engines Supersonic cruise aircraft that is not open faster than the premise of afterburner M1.4 (Mach number, the speed of sound) or more, and continued to fly 30 minutes of flight capability, the U.S. F-22 fighter jets said that it does not open afterburning maximum cruise speed of up to Mach 1.72. This is mainly due to its excellent low resistance aerodynamic shape, built weapons, and powerful thrust F119 engine. This is the third-generation fighter aircraft with the
F-22 supersonic cruise the enemy to make it fast, quick occupancy, a substantial increase in the missile attack area, quickly from the battlefield, out of attacks. In and F-15, F-16 flight test comparison, if the F-22 do not want to struggle and accelerate out of them, then the . Simply put, that is, four generations of machine finish the bomb run away in the distance, behind the three generations of machines, out of reach. Therefore, even if used to escape Super Tour is also very secure. 【More】 Supersonic cruise provides the basis for the supersonic motor In fact, the first fighter to achieve With the progress of the increase in engine thrust, some Super Tour around with Ma1.2 capacity). But in fact, half a century before the British
as the fourth-generation fighters of the division of standards, the supersonic cruise if so easy to be the third generation, or even first and second generation supersonic fighter aircraft to achieve, then this criterion can be thrown into the trash a long. The standard supersonic cruise just a quantitative measure of the standard, but more importantly, based on its supersonic speed, climb, hover and maneuver performance. 【More】 supersonic conditions, the supersonic missile launch AIM-9 AIM-120 missile launch F-22 F-22 mobile missile avoidance maneuver to avoid missile aerodynamic design of the final analysis, three generations of machine is not designed as a supersonic motor Tour volley over the age of 60 made the concept of But the MiG -31 Super Tour and Tour F-22 is not a super-concept. MiG -31 only super patrol capacity, virtually no supersonic mobility, generally only fly a straight line. As a bomber interceptor to intercept the invasion that there was no problem has always been the shortest straight line distance. But as a fighter with a super patrol capability, with supersonic mobility will be very important.
If the F-15 is also mounted on the F119 engine, then the number of non-afterburning M M1.2 or higher may be achieved, but its mobility is definitely not as F22, because it is still the third-generation aerodynamic design fighter level. Because of the three generations of machines such as the F-15, Su -27, its supersonic maneuverability when not good to go, hovering at an altitude of 10,000 meters will not overload greater than 3G. The F-22 hovering in the M1.7 overload when the stability of up to 6.5G, about double than the previous generation fighter aircraft. The Soviet Union only in the M0.9 -27 to achieve this level.
Why is that? Because the final analysis, aerodynamic design of three generations of machine is not designed as a supersonic motor. Cone when the shock wave supersonic flight the aircraft And this capability is only to be thrust vector, which is F-22 MiG -31 and essential difference between. 【More】 Martial arts world, only the fast is not broken Supersonic supersonic cruising ability with excellent mobility, so that aircraft can always maintain a high energy state, not only conducive to the implementation of offensive tactical mobility aircraft, but also to be rid of air combat maneuvering and to avoid air to air missile attacks.
simulation results show that: the supersonic motor can significantly reduce the effective attack range air to air missile, if the flight speed of about M1.5 5g under the conditions of the high mobility evasive action, the missile will be a significant hit rate down, or even semi-active radar guided air to air missiles (such as the AIM-7 and R-27) fighter is almost impossible to hit that target. To reduce the size of the opponent's effective attack range.
understand this result is not difficult to achieve three times the speed of sound and 30,000 meters high degree of anti-aircraft missiles have already been made, but the SR-71 is still playing hard, because of two reasons: 1, intercept a small window , almost to the point on the side outside of the range; 2, the residual energy of the missile relative lack of aircraft, is relatively easy to escape. Super-speed and high-speed patrol aircraft SR-71, although not so prominent, but the mobility is again much better than, or chance of survival than the subsonic aircraft maneuver is much higher. 【More】 Principles of aircraft required BVRAC guided relay missile seeker radar intercept capability, in addition to size and power by the transmitter, antenna diameter size limit, but also limited by the mode of the initiative has been seized from around the 15-20km. Set the detection range because the farther the greater the scope of the actual search, so far from conducive to improving search speed, the more likely miss the target, the more likely to be interference and misleading.
Therefore, the greater the effective range of the missile, containing confidential For example, the Russian R-77 missile can hit 90 kilometers, the missile flight before the 70 km have to rely on carrier aircraft constantly revised its flight path, has been to machines, self-guided missiles into the end of the stage carrier aircraft in order to Once out of enemy
Otherwise the original scope of the missile will not be able to search and lock the enemy, the expensive air to air missiles will become uncontrolled rockets can not hit until the kinetic energy of the exhaustion of the ground. 【Detail】
stealth tactical role As mentioned earlier, stealth aircraft radar will reduce the RCS found tracks from the shrink, but because the machine can use the power contained strong AESA radar detection range by effectively playing to make up for the discount. However, the already weak function of the missile's radar seeker, the enemy's stealth measures is undoubtedly worse.
aircraft scheduled for 20-25 km of conventional distance-based radars, locked away from the face of stealth targets will shrink to 7-10 km. Lock request so harsh, will greatly increase the rate of the missile miss distance will also increase the guidance contained unit distance.
the limited size of the different missiles and carrier aircraft, leaving no room layout power supply and power radar. Therefore, AESA and other response to it can not be applied. From this point of view, there are considerable stealth tactical significance. 【Detail】
response to it However, in the face of challenges and they always put forward countermeasures. The United States had launched mm prey daga dual-mode infrared focal plane imaging seeker, this will be the response to stealth fighter weapon.
stealth fighter stealth centimeter targeted airborne radar, millimeter wave radar on the less effective; millimeter-wave radar has the advantage of higher resolution, equipment, small size, light weight, the disadvantage is susceptible to air loss, the role of relatively close distance, and for the missile seeker applications, the advantage of the benefits is very prominent, but the disadvantage is not a disadvantage.
In addition, the stealth fighter can not avoid the body of the aerodynamic heating, which has almost no relief infrared stealth strategy. Focal plane imaging using high-precision infrared seeker, will also become a weapon against stealth fighters.
expected to use the new system, air to air missile seeker after the capture of the stealth fighter can return to 20 km away or more. 【Detail】
Short Range Air to Air Missile Air Combat changes caused by short-range infrared guided missile Air to air missiles are often used, referred to as IR dogfight missile, which can automatically find, with after launching, high mobility, the use of simple, relatively low cost and so on, which is widely application. The latest fourth-generation infrared-air missiles Hydra 45 products of Israel, the U.S. AIM-9X and other missiles.
old for Short Range Air to Air Missile mobility is limited. AIM-9B Sidewinder missile has a maximum motor overload 11g, the target needs to be more than just action to avoid circumvention of 3g, and if the maximum air to air missile motor overload 18g, 5g target only needs to make can avoid overload. The missile is now fighting advanced overload often more than 50g, while the overload of modern manned aircraft limit only 9g, want to avoid high overload intense close combat maneuvering missile attacks have become increasingly successful. 【Detail】
All the attack power of the surge First of all, playing with new infrared fighting imaging probe cooled InSb detector, with detection of the heat capacity of the aircraft skin surface, so that infrared jamming fighting bombs greatly increase performance, the target can be 【Detail】
watch the play that became reality after the launch capture technique was to make further relaxation of launch conditions, the missile can deviate from the angle of the aircraft heading a large aircraft launched attacks, such Fighting the missile used in conjunction with the helmet sight, air when the pilot as long as 【Detail】
significantly reduce aircraft missile gap In short, the new combat missile uses infrared imaging as detection, interception after launch and thrust vector control and other aspects of technology, which has a good tracking performance, strong anti- interference performance, high mobility and smart way to launch attack area also has expanded greatly, can greatly reduce the mobility difference between the fighters. 【Detail】
horizon within the combat is extremely dangerous and more dangerous short, with the air to air missile technology continues to progress, close combat missile jamming capability, attack, mobility, reliability is significantly improved, so that significant changes in future close combat.
large off-axis performance of the advanced combat helmet sight of missiles and match, so no need to set machine head can be aimed at enemy aircraft fired the missile that is equipped with a large off-axis angle and the MiG -21 Helmet contest in the single difference with the F-22 will not have a big imagination.
within visual range air combat equality of opportunity, mobility fighters themselves become less important, the probability of each person was shot down almost all the same. 【Detail】
Europe The so-called horizon (BVR) air combat fighter in the visual is both outside the scope of the search through the airborne detection equipment, air target detection and intercept the enemy, and in the long-range missile attack by a combat mode. Visual distance limit is generally within 10-12 km, which is the upper limit of short-range air combat, and generally BVRAC distance of 10 km. 10-50 km range air combat are called in from the air combat, air combat more than 50 kilometers is called long-distance air combat, it also includes in-the-horizon air combat and the distance from the two modes.
As mentioned above, can be achieved in the missile from the air war despite rapidly after launching from, but still easy to fall into a dangerous close-range melee. Therefore, the advanced fourth generation fighter should be pursued in the longer distance to intercept enemy aircraft, soon after the completion of guidance from the trunk to avoid close combat. 【More】 From distance to distance: high speed stamping in the long-range missile To this end, the existing mid-range air to air missile based on, with longer range, better mobility in the long-range air to air missiles, such as high-speed ramjet engine, which makes the attack range and attack speed is much larger than the existing AIM-120 medium range air to air missiles, the maximum dynamic range of over 150 km, while the actual effective range of about 80-100 km, this missile will be to Europe in 2013 with the fighter. According to foreign media estimates, China and Russia should also be in the development of a similar missile, the performance is almost the same with them.
If the aircraft is equipped with such missiles, its practical common operations is expected to reach 50-60 km from the transmitter to enter the real long-range air combat era. However, long-range air to air missiles to increase the range of not only simple, the greater challenge is how to detect and identify long-range goals, and how to improve anti-jamming capability. 【More】 The basic pattern of future air fleet large network of small first cannon in the early years of air combat mode, the air force of the air war often using a large spot of combat air formation, air combat, modern air combat, compared with the traditional, there will be intensification of the battle formation by the small and even single transition trend. Increasingly expensive modern aircraft, the Air Force continued to narrow the number of the scale, the three major powers in the Russian Air Force's fleet of heavy air and three generations of machines will be five or six times over a frame, reduced to four generations of machines a two hundred times, But with the development of long-range air to air missiles, the small as to control a large airspace formation, and increased formation of small air combat maneuvering room is conducive to the flight performance of the play, easy to play a high speed and ultra-mobile advantage. It is anticipated that a small fleet combat will be the main mode of combat operations. Usually double (four machines) radar to follow up in formation, two-plane close formation, defense and support the three machines in formation, there may even be single combat and so on. 【Detail】
Age of Network Centric Warfare Although the future air fleet will be small or single action, but in air operations will be sent out when a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles, electronic surveillance aircraft, attack aircraft, escort machine, early warning aircraft, electronic warfare aircraft, refueling aircraft, etc.
But as Russia, places like the island, but filled with different voices, they think, F -20 . Also claimed that many important parts of China can not be mass production.
So, what is the view that closer to the truth? In order to avoid a vacuum of speculation and discussion, with examples, we had to escape, with the PK on the way to -20 F and F-22 technology and capacity to make some comparison. In the comparison before, and it takes some effort to clarify the complicated background. January 11, 2011: F-20 flight
watched friends in Chengdu, China J-20 stealth fighter was at 12:50 on January 11, 2011 or so off the first flight test, 13:11 successful landing. The entire flight process is accompanied by F-10S accomplished trainer battle, which lasted about 18 minutes, a success. Successfully completed its first flight in the F--20 after landing, a flight test off the site cheers, crowd outside the airport also suffered a sensational fireworks.
J -20 with the sky, every point of the aircraft were completely bare in front of millions of camera lens, the network also appeared in more high-definition photo. To this end, we have a topic on a single point under the ground the analysis of fuzzy pictures, you must do some correction. 【Detail】
canopy gap is almost invisible and smooth belly like a sports car no time estimates of various aircraft fuselage RCS superior level of surface treatment - or super-stealth F-22 With the emergence of the first high-resolution photos, we found amazing, different pictures of the previous fuzzy, J -20 delicate body showing a smooth, mirror-like luxury cars can learn a lesson the surface, this surface not only in China fighter jets is never see in the global aircraft is also second to none. This shows that fly into the manufacturing process and stealth coatings deposited to achieve a high standard.
stealth gray in dark blue paint (a variety of spectrum is likely to be effective) cover, the body of the rivet, the opening and the edge can not see. After a series of complex image processing, only a few glimpses of the looming side seam. Even with the king of stealth technology compared to B-2, F -20 are not much better, even slightly better.
The stealthy F-22 is much thinner coating, like lacquer general, the surface of the rivets, opening and the edge is clearly visible. Although not a stealth coating thicker, more complex to be advanced, but such a thin layer of paint, revealing the flap was obviously less than the level of stealth processing performance.
in the overall shape of the gap treatment and stealth stealth coating that the three aspects of treatment, F -20 F-22 are clearly a notch above. Our analysis of (the) topic in the estimates may be conservative - and J -20 stealth level is likely to surpass F-22, the standard is quite the worst - that is positive RCS = 0.1 square meters. (RCS, the Radar Cross-Section of the abbreviation, the Chinese interpretation of the radar reflection cross-sectional area.) 【More】 off less than 200 meters? Shocking short take-off capability Zhuhai Air Show in 2008, the canard of the J -10 shows excellent short takeoff capability, its take-off roll distance less than 280 meters, which was the Chinese military was a hot topic. According to an eyewitness description of calculation we can see the video circulated on the Internet, the first flight of the J -20 only roll about 230 meters to the sky - this is at the discretion of safety first, first flight movements in a very conservative .
Obviously, if a free hand to play, then F -20 200 meters from the ground is entirely possible. This shows the powerful engine in the F -20, side bar, duck under the combined effects of the extreme wing lift effect. 【More】 survey F -20 fighter do you think when the troops can be formal? Year 2018-2020 2020-2025 2015-2018 after 2025 years of F-22 stealth surface F-22's stealth coating, surface treatment and the opening has a gap compared to -20 F, the other, F-22 of the CARET inlet separation partition happens to be a standard cavity structure, a strong reflection of radar is far better than the so-called F -20 canard effect. Although it can be alleviated by absorbing paint, but still the soft underbelly of F-22 stealth.
B-2 stealth surface B-2 stealth deal with the surface is similar to J -20. However, as B-2 do not consider mobility, so the overall exterior design is more stealthy than the F -20 advantages.
whether the carrier-based aircraft carrier can be changed? Since J -20 with excellent short take-off ability, whether that idea, as some military enthusiasts, J -20 can be converted into a powerful heavy-duty aircraft carrier to show disdain for Haitian it?
to note that the overall selection F -20 high-speed configuration, in particular high-speed low aspect ratio wing, may make the low-altitude low-speed flight performance has been lacking, for the sea conditions in the complex approach to land in the small demand for the aircraft carrier deck, the aircraft landing speed may be overheated, the difficulty is high. J -20
so if you want to be converted into a carrier-based aircraft carrier would need to like the idea of the Navy F-22 type as high-speed airfoil aspect ratio of the change in the F-14 type of variable folding wings; or, as the F-35 Navy, as increased wing. 【Detail】
stealth technology was actually too much touted the Air Force boasts of stealth technology to the somewhat esoteric, the point of marvelous, and the public, the media's pursuit of stealth features to hide the truth just the point.
the analysis of the value of stealth aircraft before the war, it is necessary to review the concepts of stealth technology. But a relative statement stealth, nothing more than weaken, inhibit, absorb, deflect radar target echo intensity, the relative value of its existing aircraft RCS and radar system down to a lower value, in order to achieve a transparent one-way battle , one-way attack.
However, the spear and shield, racing each other and each other improve. Radar system is rapidly progressive, and because of its inherent advantages, will soon be able to go beyond the radar system, stealth technology, stealth technology experienced shift the invisible wall, stalled. 【Detail】
third-generation Russian fighter mechanical radar, According to radar theory, the effective detection range and target RCS of the fourth root (the fourth side open RCS) was directly proportional relationship. This theorem, in order to make the other side of radar detection range reduced to 1 / 2, then one's own target RCS will be reduced to the original 1 / 16.
and for fighters who, RCS reduction from 10 square meters to 1 square meters is relatively easy to do things (such as the F/A-18E/F 0.1 square meters to need a lot of stealth optimization methods (such as the F-22 and J -20 with the many ways), but down from 0.1 square meters to cut to the need for more unconventional means, and difficult to further optimize (such as the B-2 bomber).
other words, stealth and counter stealth wrestling, the ultimate winner or radar. 【More】 Revolutionary airborne active phased array radar The first third-generation fighters equipped with a mechanical scanning pulse Doppler radar, then such aircraft as the MiG -31 began with a passive phased array radar (PESA), or called passive phased array radar, its main characteristics is through an electronic array antenna, radar electronics to achieve the distribution and control, to achieve a true multi-target search and tracking capabilities.
Active Phased Array Radar (AESA), or also known as active phased array radar is the emergence of another revolutionary technological advances. It eliminates the traditional center-type high-power radar transmitters, the antenna and transmit / receive (T / R) devices into one, each antenna array element is formed by the small gallium arsenide microwave integrated circuit modules, including the complete radar beam manufacturing, transmitting and receiving functions, is a complete miniature radar.
phased array radar, in particular the active phased array (AESA) radar with the traditional mechanical scanning radar compared to a world of difference between functionality and performance, benefits and more to the point where is difficult to count them out. For aircraft performance, the most important one is to achieve a true two-point multi-target capability and the power is greatly enhanced.
AESA radar as an efficient use of microwave integrated circuits transmit / receive array elements (referred to as T / R module), the microwave energy loss is negligible, for the same installation space (the same power and antenna cover) who, AESA the effective power radiated by the radar than the machine is 10 times the radar to detect long distance 75%.
AESA radar, the advantages are: failure of some modules does not affect the overall performance, radar reliability is a leap; multi-objective multi-tasking features outstanding combination of different modules can be assigned to perform different tasks. The successful application of AESA airborne radar of traditional a revolution, she is like behind DOS computer from a variety of Windows to upgrade to the system, greatly expanded the field of radar applications and improve the radar performance, and to improve and enrich the combat aircraft mission capability and combat mode. 【More】 rapid increase detection capabilities of modern fighter radar radar integrated circuit performance can be determined with reference to Moore's Law as long as the fate of the aircraft radar power, stealth fighters still obediently betray oneself Fourth-generation stealth fighter has been able to achieve technical superiority was the essence, because the previous third-generation fighters are equipped with traditional mechanical scanning radar, the radar is generally detected at 70 km distance to the typical 3-5 meters RCS fighter target. For RCS 0.1 m2 down to 0.5 or even stealth aircraft, the radar detection range drops to about 20 kilometers, the distance is close to that of the visual - and in fact as early as the two sides close to this distance before. Three generations of fighters were behind an advanced fourth generation fighter in the long-range air to air missile fired shot down.
However, in the face of high-power AESA radar, stealth aircraft not going to work, and this aircraft radar target RCS 3-5 meters distance of up to 160 or even the discovery of more than 200 km, even stealth aircraft RCS reduced to 1 / 100 , radar detection range triple play, there are 6,70 km, enough to guide long-range air to air missile launch needs.
stealth technology and is the relationship between spear and shield, then both sides will be able to form an effective range of weapons outside of the ability to find each other, that the battlefield has become on depreciated.
So, too much emphasis on stealth aircraft performance and dependence, like shaking clever, tricky to play, play a while, could not handle a long time. 【More】 Various types of aircraft used by the U.S. radar APG-77: active phased array radar, fighter leader
APG-77 radar on the large-scale aerial target detection range as far 400--460 km, the detection of third-generation fighter distance 190--260 km proximity search capabilities and early warning aircraft. But its outstanding advantage is its low can capture technique with that using only a needle-shaped beam width of 2 degrees on the instantaneous direction of the desired objectives, frequency scanning, making almost impossible to sense the enemy F-22 radar signal. 【Detail】
APG-63V3: F-15 modification APG-79: modified F/A-18 Various types of aircraft used by the Russian radar N001: Su-27 early pulse radar N011: Su-27 radar N011M: Su-30 PESA radar N035: Su-35 AESA Radar Will be used for T-50's AESA radar Speed to become a major bargaining chip to determine the winner As said, the RCS will be reduced to the original aircraft to 10%, the radar detection range of its reduced to only 56% of the original. Even if the RCS reduced to 1% of the original, the radar detection range reduced to only 32% of the original. Easy to improve radar performance and reduce the RCS is difficult, with the rapid development of radar technology, stealth aircraft stealth increasingly unreliable, so estimates of the role of stealth technology should not be too high.
If, in the four generations of air combat unit of the three generations of machine, you can with the advantage of access to such information is not to take the lead, calmly deal with the privilege, then the fourth-generation fighter and is equipped with three generations of advanced fighter AESA radar or four generations of fighters against time, speed has become an important bargaining chip to determine the winner. Principle is to try to combat the energy to improve their own speed (kinetic energy) and height (potential energy) and the rational use of the energy advantage, cutting the opponent's height and speed advantage. 【Detail】
Beyond Visual Range combat is closely related to performance and speed of carrier aircraft first interception missile launches from the carrier aircraft when speed is essential, effective range air to air missiles is not a constant, it was the height of the two machines, the speed, the relative angular position, to what extent do mobile target actions and the performance of the missile itself, so have a relationship.
first flight of the missile itself can set machine speed range and power are closely related, if with an AIM-120 dynamic range to 80 km, the launch carrier aircraft speed to reach at least 1.4-1.6M, if subsonic When launched, the missile range to only 65 km. Secondly, after the air to air missile on the missile launch to promote the missile engines, missile engines, but generally only work a few seconds, then glide the missile relies entirely on the inertia, the more over the slow.
high-speed mobile missile to hit aircraft must maintain a very strong mobility. Rocket engine, the missile has a power-driven, and its mobility is the strongest flight. When the missile is at an advanced inertial flight, the missile has only kinetic energy but no momentum, this time the missile maneuvering to further pursue the goal, the missile will quickly reduce the remaining kinetic energy, mobility also will be greatly reduced. Usually a maximum range of the air to air missiles can not hit the target, even if such aircraft is the F -7 mobility can be avoided by this type of advanced AIM-120C missile attack (of course it also depends on the level of the pilot.) 【Detail】
actual missile BVRAC parameters than the marked distance much closer to Therefore, the missile can be fired out of the maximum distance, there is an optimal transmission range, namely the effective range. Pilots should strive to have the best missile launch from the side opened fire. Modern aircraft fire control system to provide this information for pilots, fire too early or too late, for all of the adverse BVRAC.
currently active radar air to air missiles generally have the power range of 70-80 km, but the real, can be effective against moving targets, but the effective range of 30-40 km only. In actual combat, the Air Force during the Gulf War the main power equipment is 40-50 km range AIM-7 AAM passive radar, the actual distance of 20 kilometers firing up and down. Now the U.S. military's AIM-120 active radar air missiles, in firing range of the actual confrontation, but also 25 km from top to bottom.
at this distance, the missile shortly after launch seeker can lock on to targets, carrier aircraft can after launching; missile in the engine of the leg, mobility at its best against maneuvering targets are fully grasp - This distance is just too close to the point, the missile did not hit this round, the parties will enter 10 km away from the close fighting was. 【Detail】
speed advantage is still change the rules of air combat if the performance of a missile fired by both sides fairly, then the energy of two aircraft to become an important weight in the outcome of air combat. Taller faster aircraft, missiles fired effective the end of attack range and mobility are more and more destruction, you can close and lock the first goal, set machine can then turn around to avoid; and slower will be in a dilemma situation, other lock their missiles yet, already the first approximation of the enemy's missiles, to avoid the missile hit, then the probability of their own will reduce, if not hide their own small lives more dangerous. Here, the role of the speed advantage is obvious.
shot in both sides after the missile strikes to avoid each other when the energy of the aircraft itself is more important advantage. Fighter tactical maneuver to avoid incoming missiles or action has a barrel roll maneuver, wide-angle turn, the rapid rise or fall and so on. Not difficult to see both the motor and take advantage of high altitude fighter, almost over the horizon air combat in an invincible position. . 【Detail】
Myth: Modern Air Combat is the missile simply on the radio? AAM appears, because some incorrect information, gives rise to many misunderstandings. That are now well into the era of ultra long-range air combat, as long as the pilot pressed the button, the missile went straight as an arrow to automatically target hundreds of kilometers away, the pilot turned and calmly get out, call it a day to go home.
fact, far from the evolution of modern air combat to such a degree of intelligence, air to air missile that targets can not be independent and fully autonomous flight, is not easy to hit the target. It must ensure that the seeker has been reliably intercepted target. So the real In the long-range missiles, 【Detail】
limited capacity of the missile guidance even if today's mainstream, active radar-guided medium-range air to air missiles, while claiming to Missile guidance radar in the effective distance (currently not more than 20-30 kilometers) inside the launch, the missile is still a launch pylon on or just be able to lock on to targets, carrier aircraft from the aircraft can move the natural retreat.
If the launch farther away from the target aircraft, carrier aircraft and missiles at this time can only know the location of enemy aircraft, plus aircraft at this time on the basis of calculation of heading and speed of the aircraft and extrapolated future routes. According to the parameters of the missile at this time can only be expected to block the firing range.
dramatically change the course in order to prevent enemy aircraft beyond the expected range, the missile flight, most of the stage must be to provide target aircraft radar real-time information, according to the new amendments to the intended point of interception trajectory, that carrier aircraft but also For a long time, but without the continuous exposure guidance. 【Detail】
the secret air war to win - supersonic capability relative to the previous fourth generation fighter aircraft, flight performance is in fact the biggest breakthrough in supersonic flight under combat capability.
supersonic cruise through the substance is an advanced aerodynamic design, greatly reduce supersonic drag, increase lift-drag ratio, combined with high-thrust engines with low fuel consumption and thrust vector aircraft to achieve supersonic performance leap stage, this superior performance tip of the iceberg is the supersonic cruise, and this is its meaning, and also the standard it can be one of generational reasons. 【Detail】
YF-23 supersonic capability also emphasized a more balanced overall F-22 F-22 F-119 engines power the F-35 more powerful F-135 engine supersonic cruise secret: Low aerodynamic shape, high-thrust engines Supersonic cruise aircraft that is not open faster than the premise of afterburner M1.4 (Mach number, the speed of sound) or more, and continued to fly 30 minutes of flight capability, the U.S. F-22 fighter jets said that it does not open afterburning maximum cruise speed of up to Mach 1.72. This is mainly due to its excellent low resistance aerodynamic shape, built weapons, and powerful thrust F119 engine. This is the third-generation fighter aircraft with the
F-22 supersonic cruise the enemy to make it fast, quick occupancy, a substantial increase in the missile attack area, quickly from the battlefield, out of attacks. In and F-15, F-16 flight test comparison, if the F-22 do not want to struggle and accelerate out of them, then the . Simply put, that is, four generations of machine finish the bomb run away in the distance, behind the three generations of machines, out of reach. Therefore, even if used to escape Super Tour is also very secure. 【More】 Supersonic cruise provides the basis for the supersonic motor In fact, the first fighter to achieve With the progress of the increase in engine thrust, some Super Tour around with Ma1.2 capacity). But in fact, half a century before the British
as the fourth-generation fighters of the division of standards, the supersonic cruise if so easy to be the third generation, or even first and second generation supersonic fighter aircraft to achieve, then this criterion can be thrown into the trash a long. The standard supersonic cruise just a quantitative measure of the standard, but more importantly, based on its supersonic speed, climb, hover and maneuver performance. 【More】 supersonic conditions, the supersonic missile launch AIM-9 AIM-120 missile launch F-22 F-22 mobile missile avoidance maneuver to avoid missile aerodynamic design of the final analysis, three generations of machine is not designed as a supersonic motor Tour volley over the age of 60 made the concept of But the MiG -31 Super Tour and Tour F-22 is not a super-concept. MiG -31 only super patrol capacity, virtually no supersonic mobility, generally only fly a straight line. As a bomber interceptor to intercept the invasion that there was no problem has always been the shortest straight line distance. But as a fighter with a super patrol capability, with supersonic mobility will be very important.
If the F-15 is also mounted on the F119 engine, then the number of non-afterburning M M1.2 or higher may be achieved, but its mobility is definitely not as F22, because it is still the third-generation aerodynamic design fighter level. Because of the three generations of machines such as the F-15, Su -27, its supersonic maneuverability when not good to go, hovering at an altitude of 10,000 meters will not overload greater than 3G. The F-22 hovering in the M1.7 overload when the stability of up to 6.5G, about double than the previous generation fighter aircraft. The Soviet Union only in the M0.9 -27 to achieve this level.
Why is that? Because the final analysis, aerodynamic design of three generations of machine is not designed as a supersonic motor. Cone when the shock wave supersonic flight the aircraft And this capability is only to be thrust vector, which is F-22 MiG -31 and essential difference between. 【More】 Martial arts world, only the fast is not broken Supersonic supersonic cruising ability with excellent mobility, so that aircraft can always maintain a high energy state, not only conducive to the implementation of offensive tactical mobility aircraft, but also to be rid of air combat maneuvering and to avoid air to air missile attacks.
simulation results show that: the supersonic motor can significantly reduce the effective attack range air to air missile, if the flight speed of about M1.5 5g under the conditions of the high mobility evasive action, the missile will be a significant hit rate down, or even semi-active radar guided air to air missiles (such as the AIM-7 and R-27) fighter is almost impossible to hit that target. To reduce the size of the opponent's effective attack range.
understand this result is not difficult to achieve three times the speed of sound and 30,000 meters high degree of anti-aircraft missiles have already been made, but the SR-71 is still playing hard, because of two reasons: 1, intercept a small window , almost to the point on the side outside of the range; 2, the residual energy of the missile relative lack of aircraft, is relatively easy to escape. Super-speed and high-speed patrol aircraft SR-71, although not so prominent, but the mobility is again much better than, or chance of survival than the subsonic aircraft maneuver is much higher. 【More】 Principles of aircraft required BVRAC guided relay missile seeker radar intercept capability, in addition to size and power by the transmitter, antenna diameter size limit, but also limited by the mode of the initiative has been seized from around the 15-20km. Set the detection range because the farther the greater the scope of the actual search, so far from conducive to improving search speed, the more likely miss the target, the more likely to be interference and misleading.
Therefore, the greater the effective range of the missile, containing confidential For example, the Russian R-77 missile can hit 90 kilometers, the missile flight before the 70 km have to rely on carrier aircraft constantly revised its flight path, has been to machines, self-guided missiles into the end of the stage carrier aircraft in order to Once out of enemy
Otherwise the original scope of the missile will not be able to search and lock the enemy, the expensive air to air missiles will become uncontrolled rockets can not hit until the kinetic energy of the exhaustion of the ground. 【Detail】
stealth tactical role As mentioned earlier, stealth aircraft radar will reduce the RCS found tracks from the shrink, but because the machine can use the power contained strong AESA radar detection range by effectively playing to make up for the discount. However, the already weak function of the missile's radar seeker, the enemy's stealth measures is undoubtedly worse.
aircraft scheduled for 20-25 km of conventional distance-based radars, locked away from the face of stealth targets will shrink to 7-10 km. Lock request so harsh, will greatly increase the rate of the missile miss distance will also increase the guidance contained unit distance.
the limited size of the different missiles and carrier aircraft, leaving no room layout power supply and power radar. Therefore, AESA and other response to it can not be applied. From this point of view, there are considerable stealth tactical significance. 【Detail】
response to it However, in the face of challenges and they always put forward countermeasures. The United States had launched mm prey daga dual-mode infrared focal plane imaging seeker, this will be the response to stealth fighter weapon.
stealth fighter stealth centimeter targeted airborne radar, millimeter wave radar on the less effective; millimeter-wave radar has the advantage of higher resolution, equipment, small size, light weight, the disadvantage is susceptible to air loss, the role of relatively close distance, and for the missile seeker applications, the advantage of the benefits is very prominent, but the disadvantage is not a disadvantage.
In addition, the stealth fighter can not avoid the body of the aerodynamic heating, which has almost no relief infrared stealth strategy. Focal plane imaging using high-precision infrared seeker, will also become a weapon against stealth fighters.
expected to use the new system, air to air missile seeker after the capture of the stealth fighter can return to 20 km away or more. 【Detail】
Short Range Air to Air Missile Air Combat changes caused by short-range infrared guided missile Air to air missiles are often used, referred to as IR dogfight missile, which can automatically find, with after launching, high mobility, the use of simple, relatively low cost and so on, which is widely application. The latest fourth-generation infrared-air missiles Hydra 45 products of Israel, the U.S. AIM-9X and other missiles.
old for Short Range Air to Air Missile mobility is limited. AIM-9B Sidewinder missile has a maximum motor overload 11g, the target needs to be more than just action to avoid circumvention of 3g, and if the maximum air to air missile motor overload 18g, 5g target only needs to make can avoid overload. The missile is now fighting advanced overload often more than 50g, while the overload of modern manned aircraft limit only 9g, want to avoid high overload intense close combat maneuvering missile attacks have become increasingly successful. 【Detail】
All the attack power of the surge First of all, playing with new infrared fighting imaging probe cooled InSb detector, with detection of the heat capacity of the aircraft skin surface, so that infrared jamming fighting bombs greatly increase performance, the target can be 【Detail】
watch the play that became reality after the launch capture technique was to make further relaxation of launch conditions, the missile can deviate from the angle of the aircraft heading a large aircraft launched attacks, such Fighting the missile used in conjunction with the helmet sight, air when the pilot as long as 【Detail】
significantly reduce aircraft missile gap In short, the new combat missile uses infrared imaging as detection, interception after launch and thrust vector control and other aspects of technology, which has a good tracking performance, strong anti- interference performance, high mobility and smart way to launch attack area also has expanded greatly, can greatly reduce the mobility difference between the fighters. 【Detail】
horizon within the combat is extremely dangerous and more dangerous short, with the air to air missile technology continues to progress, close combat missile jamming capability, attack, mobility, reliability is significantly improved, so that significant changes in future close combat.
large off-axis performance of the advanced combat helmet sight of missiles and match, so no need to set machine head can be aimed at enemy aircraft fired the missile that is equipped with a large off-axis angle and the MiG -21 Helmet contest in the single difference with the F-22 will not have a big imagination.
within visual range air combat equality of opportunity, mobility fighters themselves become less important, the probability of each person was shot down almost all the same. 【Detail】
Europe The so-called horizon (BVR) air combat fighter in the visual is both outside the scope of the search through the airborne detection equipment, air target detection and intercept the enemy, and in the long-range missile attack by a combat mode. Visual distance limit is generally within 10-12 km, which is the upper limit of short-range air combat, and generally BVRAC distance of 10 km. 10-50 km range air combat are called in from the air combat, air combat more than 50 kilometers is called long-distance air combat, it also includes in-the-horizon air combat and the distance from the two modes.
As mentioned above, can be achieved in the missile from the air war despite rapidly after launching from, but still easy to fall into a dangerous close-range melee. Therefore, the advanced fourth generation fighter should be pursued in the longer distance to intercept enemy aircraft, soon after the completion of guidance from the trunk to avoid close combat. 【More】 From distance to distance: high speed stamping in the long-range missile To this end, the existing mid-range air to air missile based on, with longer range, better mobility in the long-range air to air missiles, such as high-speed ramjet engine, which makes the attack range and attack speed is much larger than the existing AIM-120 medium range air to air missiles, the maximum dynamic range of over 150 km, while the actual effective range of about 80-100 km, this missile will be to Europe in 2013 with the fighter. According to foreign media estimates, China and Russia should also be in the development of a similar missile, the performance is almost the same with them.
If the aircraft is equipped with such missiles, its practical common operations is expected to reach 50-60 km from the transmitter to enter the real long-range air combat era. However, long-range air to air missiles to increase the range of not only simple, the greater challenge is how to detect and identify long-range goals, and how to improve anti-jamming capability. 【More】 The basic pattern of future air fleet large network of small first cannon in the early years of air combat mode, the air force of the air war often using a large spot of combat air formation, air combat, modern air combat, compared with the traditional, there will be intensification of the battle formation by the small and even single transition trend. Increasingly expensive modern aircraft, the Air Force continued to narrow the number of the scale, the three major powers in the Russian Air Force's fleet of heavy air and three generations of machines will be five or six times over a frame, reduced to four generations of machines a two hundred times, But with the development of long-range air to air missiles, the small as to control a large airspace formation, and increased formation of small air combat maneuvering room is conducive to the flight performance of the play, easy to play a high speed and ultra-mobile advantage. It is anticipated that a small fleet combat will be the main mode of combat operations. Usually double (four machines) radar to follow up in formation, two-plane close formation, defense and support the three machines in formation, there may even be single combat and so on. 【Detail】
Age of Network Centric Warfare Although the future air fleet will be small or single action, but in air operations will be sent out when a variety of unmanned aerial vehicles, electronic surveillance aircraft, attack aircraft, escort machine, early warning aircraft, electronic warfare aircraft, refueling aircraft, etc.
The way of their choice , knees should finish - 2010 30 sentences given to his own
Introduction:
there is something missing, and missed a lifetime. People are bound to, hold a constant commitment, but could not restrain a fickle heart.
Sometimes persistence is a burden, giving up is a relief, people do not perfect, happiness is not a hundred hours, know that they can not afford to have so much time, and no right to ask so much, or his suffering, but also difficult each other.
heart belongs to a person, love, what is fair? Love the deep, deep hurt, love where there is not fair. Love should not love, is never the light of day, alas, love do not love you, the tears burst start.
commitment is a white, thick and then the script has also been the outcome, I think I know the taste of tears, even if the pay per minute, every second I do not have bailing. In this world there is no lasting happiness, only the moment of comfortable and well-being.
If you put my feelings, as a game, I can not afford, more lose, rhetoric, and who knows the pain behind my smile, love from the beginning of a smile, a kiss to grow, and ultimately by the end of a tear , hurt, end up with scars, eventually leaving traces, force yourself to forget you, but loved to know that I am not about everything, maybe silence is the best comfort, perhaps the best memories end, a fool is always the same, can not escape sad, because a dream in mind, so willing to stray.
some fate doomed to lose, some fate doomed to a bad end, love does not necessarily have to have him, but with a man, must go to love him, do not give up, or let.
not because there is no sun, and go into the spring
not because there is no singing, but do not give up their pursuit
because there is no applause, but lost his ideals
fact, all leading to the sun each Avenue, is full of ups and downs.
each leading to the ideal way is full of hardships and sweat!
the development of a lot of things destined to an end, enjoy the beautiful process of passing, we should learn to forget, burst into laughter for a return, boldly cry, looked up look, a bright sun I believe that time can change everything! Do not let your tears.
Style spring in spring and winter are winter elegant, beautiful and each have their own life, each have their own smart, you laugh the world laughs with you. You cry, only one person you cry. When not own, the only thing to do is not to forget!
1. make a child laugh.
2. see through but do not tell the truth. A lot of things, as long as you know what you like, no need to say so.
3. glad to laugh and let everyone know. Sad to pretend nothing happened.
4. does not contravene the principles of tolerance for other people to help do not leave people to help push the lines of people with no way out.
5. happiness the most important, who, what, the stuff make you happy, you with them. What things make you unhappy, you will leave him. No conditions, to create the conditions have to leave him.
6. Do not talk to the old in front of others for your predicament bare your fragile.
7. Institute of running his own intentions.
8. Do not waste time on the Internet and watching soap opera.
9. sure to be an educated person.
10. to be beautiful, but also the temperament.
11. one only love a person, choose a single person, worthy of love.
12. because of love, so compassionate; as to understand, so tolerant.
13. the way of their choice, their knees should run its course.
14. forgetful is a good thing.
15. there is no perfect thing, there is no perfect person, the key is clear that in the end what you want. Be desired, will have lost another part. If you want everything, just nothing.
16. know how to appreciate others from the heart, although this is often difficult.
17. two people made a mistake, come forward to assume that one is called tolerance, other debt owed, sooner or later also.
18. learn to compromise, we should also stick to the basic principles of
19. they do not like people, can be reported with silence; their favorite people, how about it casually, because you The favorite will be no stopping to show it.
20. For their own good that in a bad mood, what are other considerations, to eat their favorite bar.
21. to maintain their social circle and find a reliable expansion.
22. Do not stop learning. No matter what, language, cooking, all kinds of skills.
23. Money is important, but can not rely on others or parents, and he must maintain a certain ability to make money.
24. not a bit overestimating their own strength in the collective, because when you choose to leave, they will find that even without you, The Sun Also Rises.
25. The last thing you can not forget, but it must be put down.
26. Even if you have lost everything, and do not lose the smile.
27. No matter what choice do, do not regret it, because the regret does not help.
28. Do not have an impulse to say something radical to say.
29. Do not promise, can not promise is worse than no promise.
30. Do not think there will not understand love. In do not know, we just like to not reach the love. When exposed the shortcomings of each other after many this like it will end.
_______ love is an attitude, the root is from the heart comes forth, pure and selfless ... ... should not be overshadowed by material desires, but also face covered knees live happy smile, but as men, should strive To love each other that belongs to prop up the sky, a woman should respect a man that earnest how to pay ~ whatever the outcome, after all, we have chosen, stick to each other waiting for the other's life ... pain ... loved uttered before, love water, the middle there will be rough, but more time is flat light. Identified or never complain, it is not an element of true love, mutual support, through thick and thin until the day they die ...
there is something missing, and missed a lifetime. People are bound to, hold a constant commitment, but could not restrain a fickle heart.
Sometimes persistence is a burden, giving up is a relief, people do not perfect, happiness is not a hundred hours, know that they can not afford to have so much time, and no right to ask so much, or his suffering, but also difficult each other.
heart belongs to a person, love, what is fair? Love the deep, deep hurt, love where there is not fair. Love should not love, is never the light of day, alas, love do not love you, the tears burst start.
commitment is a white, thick and then the script has also been the outcome, I think I know the taste of tears, even if the pay per minute, every second I do not have bailing. In this world there is no lasting happiness, only the moment of comfortable and well-being.
If you put my feelings, as a game, I can not afford, more lose, rhetoric, and who knows the pain behind my smile, love from the beginning of a smile, a kiss to grow, and ultimately by the end of a tear , hurt, end up with scars, eventually leaving traces, force yourself to forget you, but loved to know that I am not about everything, maybe silence is the best comfort, perhaps the best memories end, a fool is always the same, can not escape sad, because a dream in mind, so willing to stray.
some fate doomed to lose, some fate doomed to a bad end, love does not necessarily have to have him, but with a man, must go to love him, do not give up, or let.
not because there is no sun, and go into the spring
not because there is no singing, but do not give up their pursuit
because there is no applause, but lost his ideals
fact, all leading to the sun each Avenue, is full of ups and downs.
each leading to the ideal way is full of hardships and sweat!
the development of a lot of things destined to an end, enjoy the beautiful process of passing, we should learn to forget, burst into laughter for a return, boldly cry, looked up look, a bright sun I believe that time can change everything! Do not let your tears.
Style spring in spring and winter are winter elegant, beautiful and each have their own life, each have their own smart, you laugh the world laughs with you. You cry, only one person you cry. When not own, the only thing to do is not to forget!
1. make a child laugh.
2. see through but do not tell the truth. A lot of things, as long as you know what you like, no need to say so.
3. glad to laugh and let everyone know. Sad to pretend nothing happened.
4. does not contravene the principles of tolerance for other people to help do not leave people to help push the lines of people with no way out.
5. happiness the most important, who, what, the stuff make you happy, you with them. What things make you unhappy, you will leave him. No conditions, to create the conditions have to leave him.
6. Do not talk to the old in front of others for your predicament bare your fragile.
7. Institute of running his own intentions.
8. Do not waste time on the Internet and watching soap opera.
9. sure to be an educated person.
10. to be beautiful, but also the temperament.
11. one only love a person, choose a single person, worthy of love.
12. because of love, so compassionate; as to understand, so tolerant.
13. the way of their choice, their knees should run its course.
14. forgetful is a good thing.
15. there is no perfect thing, there is no perfect person, the key is clear that in the end what you want. Be desired, will have lost another part. If you want everything, just nothing.
16. know how to appreciate others from the heart, although this is often difficult.
17. two people made a mistake, come forward to assume that one is called tolerance, other debt owed, sooner or later also.
18. learn to compromise, we should also stick to the basic principles of
19. they do not like people, can be reported with silence; their favorite people, how about it casually, because you The favorite will be no stopping to show it.
20. For their own good that in a bad mood, what are other considerations, to eat their favorite bar.
21. to maintain their social circle and find a reliable expansion.
22. Do not stop learning. No matter what, language, cooking, all kinds of skills.
23. Money is important, but can not rely on others or parents, and he must maintain a certain ability to make money.
24. not a bit overestimating their own strength in the collective, because when you choose to leave, they will find that even without you, The Sun Also Rises.
25. The last thing you can not forget, but it must be put down.
26. Even if you have lost everything, and do not lose the smile.
27. No matter what choice do, do not regret it, because the regret does not help.
28. Do not have an impulse to say something radical to say.
29. Do not promise, can not promise is worse than no promise.
30. Do not think there will not understand love. In do not know, we just like to not reach the love. When exposed the shortcomings of each other after many this like it will end.
_______ love is an attitude, the root is from the heart comes forth, pure and selfless ... ... should not be overshadowed by material desires, but also face covered knees live happy smile, but as men, should strive To love each other that belongs to prop up the sky, a woman should respect a man that earnest how to pay ~ whatever the outcome, after all, we have chosen, stick to each other waiting for the other's life ... pain ... loved uttered before, love water, the middle there will be rough, but more time is flat light. Identified or never complain, it is not an element of true love, mutual support, through thick and thin until the day they die ...
Tuesday, March 29, 2011
Mang Waer miss !
Adhering to the 12 days , or not be able to survive such a lovely left it , without drinking any water in the Chiyikoufan the days where people really pains , several Times in the hope that it will encourage it before it can eat food that , at each transfusion it always uses its deep eyes that looked at me as if to say to me what kind , but also use it that the strong insistence of my stay Down the tail swinging gently , tomorrow will not see the lovely Mang wanderers , and memories of it always makes a special gripping , it has brought us laughter and a joy, because in my memory Should be our official home of a dog born Zai Zai own home , and then see it brought up a favorite dog , be my doctors hand it to the world now! Noon walking on the road home is a very complex mind , my heart had a hunch it might Yibu Hao , in order to run it the morning I almost did not buy all of the pharmacies doctors said it still hoped the drug, this may be A heart of their own comfort it! Not to say that it can control how much money is now not a question of what to say .
Maybe some time in their own mind would be afraid of a dog , and do not know how it is today Mang mother with toddlers do not eat dinner , maybe it is unique with its heart Feeling understood , since in the absence of Mang wanderers , and played with it , but in fact many of you have not seen Mang wanderers , and I'm sure when you see Mang wanderers , I guarantee you everyone will love it . It was fat body, walk, the way simple and honest way. So 4 months and 10 days after the end of its life . It 's life , including heart ..................................
Maybe some time in their own mind would be afraid of a dog , and do not know how it is today Mang mother with toddlers do not eat dinner , maybe it is unique with its heart Feeling understood , since in the absence of Mang wanderers , and played with it , but in fact many of you have not seen Mang wanderers , and I'm sure when you see Mang wanderers , I guarantee you everyone will love it . It was fat body, walk, the way simple and honest way. So 4 months and 10 days after the end of its life . It 's life , including heart ..................................
Thursday, March 24, 2011
Confidante of the most tired person - ( Man Posts )
Man in the world most needed in addition to a wife outside,
also have a female known to have been.
do confidante and most importantly, abide by the boundaries.
you confined to bed, when fighting with the pain,
took your hand and tears in the
panic flawless man will be your wife.
she was afraid of your pain, afraid you die,
wait for you to die.
her crying, journeying wrapped wrapped,
make you want to make your heart hard security.
and confidante is cry,
she just stood bedside,
quietly staring at you, read your mind,
and then with her mouth, and her heart to tell you :
She knows where your pain.
in front of her,
you can only surrender, run away,
fact can not escape, it is not bailing,
Typically,
wife who is talking,
The confidante is the listener.
cry, because love you; cry, because it can understand you
confidante in the boutique will be a woman,
and have the confidante of
also must be the wise men.
a man,
If life has a
unforgettable love your woman,
can have a heart have to understand your woman,
who needs?
understand him, but that does not belong to him.
the care of his moderation,
but do not give him affection,
you not to fall in love with him he was a threat,
not let him have the urge and passion in love with you, br> This is the skill to do confidante confidante
comparing all those intelligent girl,
their heart knows best:
a woman wants in a man's life forever,
or do His mother,
or never get to do his confidante.
If the wife is the sun, moon, lover,
then confidante is the star.
the sun and the moon are tired,
stars can not, it twinkling ambiguous,
willing to make a long lonely, but brilliant.
also have a female known to have been.
do confidante and most importantly, abide by the boundaries.
you confined to bed, when fighting with the pain,
took your hand and tears in the
panic flawless man will be your wife.
she was afraid of your pain, afraid you die,
wait for you to die.
her crying, journeying wrapped wrapped,
make you want to make your heart hard security.
and confidante is cry,
she just stood bedside,
quietly staring at you, read your mind,
and then with her mouth, and her heart to tell you :
She knows where your pain.
in front of her,
you can only surrender, run away,
fact can not escape, it is not bailing,
Typically,
wife who is talking,
The confidante is the listener.
cry, because love you; cry, because it can understand you
confidante in the boutique will be a woman,
and have the confidante of
also must be the wise men.
a man,
If life has a
unforgettable love your woman,
can have a heart have to understand your woman,
who needs?
understand him, but that does not belong to him.
the care of his moderation,
but do not give him affection,
you not to fall in love with him he was a threat,
not let him have the urge and passion in love with you, br> This is the skill to do confidante confidante
comparing all those intelligent girl,
their heart knows best:
a woman wants in a man's life forever,
or do His mother,
or never get to do his confidante.
If the wife is the sun, moon, lover,
then confidante is the star.
the sun and the moon are tired,
stars can not, it twinkling ambiguous,
willing to make a long lonely, but brilliant.
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